<p>The Ogilvie Watertower is a historic water tower in Ogilvie, Minnesota, United States, built in 1918. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in the themes of engineering and social history. It was nominated for being a rare surviving example of Minnesotas earliest reinforced concrete water towers and a symbol of the local infrastructure improvements that enabled the organization of Ogilvies fire department.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ogilvie Watertower is a cylinder 80 ft tall and 21 ft in diameter. The 9 in concrete walls were poured in place. The water is stored in a 24 ft, 50,000 USgal concrete tank within the upper reaches of the tower. The structure is topped by a 2 ft parapet with crenellations that suggest a medieval fortified tower.</p><br>
<p>A wood-frame garage is attached to the base of the tower on the east. Entrance to the tower is effected through double steel doors facing east. There are three 32-light windows at ground level and four more at the level of an internal wooden platform. At the 72 ft level, a southwest-facing door once opened onto a small platform attached to the outside of the tower.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ogilvie Watertower was one of the first water towers in Minnesota to be constructed of reinforced concrete. It was cast in place by the Circular Concrete Company of Minneapolis in 1918. Its design was a noticeable contrast to the metal tank towers found in many other communities around the state, such as the Cuyuna Iron Range Municipally-Owned Elevated Metal Water Tanks. Although other concrete water towers were built, they tended to leak at the base of the internal tank, so most have been demolished and replaced. The Ogilvie Watertower is one of the few examples of its type still standing.</p><br>
<p>At the same time this tower was built, the village had an improved water system installed. This provided the infrastructure necessary for Ogilvie to organize its first volunteer fire department.</p><br>
<p>The water tower was extensively restored and repainted in 1977. It was finally decommissioned in August 2011, an event commemorated by a public ceremony at the tower followed by a parade to and dedication ceremony at its modern replacement.</p><br>
<p>The Pyramid of Pepi II was the tomb of Pharaoh Pepi II, located in southern Saqqara, to the northwest of the Mastabat al-Fir’aun. It was the final full pyramid complex to be built in Ancient Egypt. Long used as a quarry, the pyramid was excavated for the first time by Gaston Maspero in 1881. Its ruins were studied in exhaustive detail by Gustave Jéquier, who was able to reconstruct the funerary complex and the texts on the walls of the funerary chamber in the course of his excavation campaigns from 1932-1935. Since 1996, thorough investigations of the pyramid and its surroundings have been being carried out by the.</p><br>
<h2>The pyramid complex</h2><br>
<p>The complex consists of the main pyramid, a Ka pyramid, three queen&#39;s pyramids, a valley temple and a mortuary temple, linked by a four hundred metre long covered causeway, running through the desert from the Nile to the pyramid.</p><br>
<h3>Valley temple</h3><br>
<p>The valley temple is unique for this type of structure. Located on a large quay, extending more than a hundred and fifty metres from north to south, it dominanted a large harbour which once was linked to Memphis by a canal. It could be entered by two side ramps, which led to a sort of terrace, bounded by the temple facade on three sides, stretching the entire length of the quay and ending in two wings at the northern and southern ends, which had stairways built into them.</p><br>
<p>It is difficult to reconstruct the appearance of this facade beause the whole structure is ruined and only the bottom few layers of stone remain. Some traces of a colonnade have been discovered, which probably indicate a long, high wall, lightly inclined at the sides, resting on two piers at the two ends of the harbour, which would have formed the heart of a pyramid town reaching all the way to the suburbs of Memphis.</p><br>
<p>The wall at the back of the terrace contained a single doorway which opened onto a large hall, with a ceiling supported by eight columns, with a series of four magazines on the south side. At the western end of the hall, there was a second hall surrounded by two further rows of magazines and a small corridor on the northern side leading to a staircase which allowed access to the temple&#39;s roof. Finally, a third hall, on the same east–west axis as the other two, led into the causeway, which rain in a southwesterly direction all the way to the mortuary temple by the pyramid.</p><br>
<p>In the ruins of this structure Gustave Jéquier discovered caskets with Pepi II&#39;s name and lids showing the king accompanied by gods who offer him the ankh, symbol of eternal life, or carry out parts of the coronation ritual. These items were clearly part of the cultic equipment of the temple.</p><br>
<h3>Mortuary temple</h3><br>
<p>The mortuary temple consists of an entrance space which is more than sixty metres wide on an east–west axis. From the end of the causeyway to the pyramid enclosure, one passed through an entrance hall flanked by two small annexes, then a large corridor opening onto a massive ceremonial court. The court had a peristyle, consisting of eighteen quartzite pillars. The side of each of the pillars which faced the centre of the court was ngraved with a representation of the king accompanied by a god and inscribed with royal protocol. The magazines flanking this courtyard could only be accessed by a long corridor at the eastern end of the courtyard. At the other end of the courtyard was a doorway leading through the wall of the pyramid enclosure into the inner part of the mortuary temple.</p><br>
<p>There there were five cult chapels with all the annexes necessary for their operation, and finally one came to the hall which contained the false door of Pepi II. To the south of this inner part of the mortuary temple, within the pyramid enclosure, was the ka-pyramid which was a dozen metres high.</p><br>
<p>Many fragments of the temple decoration have been recovered, allowing the reconstruction of the iconographic programme, which showed the king receiving processions of people bringing offerings and showing him leading hunts and battles against the enemies of Egypt in the presence of the high officials of the kingdom. Some representations of these enemies on round bosses have been discovered. Figures on their knees with their hands tied behind their backs were presumably dominated by statues of the king which would have been scattered in niches throughout the temple. The depiction of these enemies is identical to that found in the mortuary temple of Sahure. There are also several depictions of the god Min and of the heb-sed festival.</p><br>
<h2>The pyramid</h2><br>
<p>The superstructure was once composed of six steps, forming a true pyramid. Each of the steps was formed of a masonry formwork of local limestone held in place with mortar, filled with rubble of the same limestone. Each step was built on top of the one below. Once the six steps were completed, a second layer of limestone masonry filled in the gaps between the steps. This was itself covered by a cladding of fine limestone from Tura, which was partially preserved around the base of the pyramid.</p><br>
<p>The pyramid was a little over fifty two metres high and each side was over seventy eight metres long. This corresponds to a hundred Egyptian cubits in height and a hundred and fifty cubits in length.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the pyramid there was a chapel which sheltered the entrance to the underground funerary chamber.</p><br>
<p>The excavations and studies of the pyramid have revealed that the construction quality was inconsistent and this caused serious structural issues, especially concerning the cladding, which threatened to crack at the base, break off, and collapse under its own extraordinary weight. The ancient architects responded to this issue by building a wall all the way around the pyramid, embedded in the paving of the enclosure, under the cladding. This wall was built from carefully dressed waste stone, which gave it enough solidity for its role as a "buttress". In the process of building this wall, they destroyed the north chapel, reusing the stone in the wall, which indicates that the buttress wall was built as a result of events subsequent to Pepi II&#39;s funeral.</p><br>
<p>It is because of this reuse of the stone that it has been possible to recover all the reliefs which initially covered the walls of the north chapel. Their iconographic programme was reconstructed by Gustave Jéquier. On the east and west walls there were large figures of the king seated on his throne in front of tables of offerings, filled by a series of servants advancing from the north wall. Framing the doorway on the north wall were images of the arrival of people with offerings, especially scenes of butchers. The south wall was dominated by a false door, with a procession of gods. This decoration is similar to that of the north chapels of other pyramid complexes, known only from small traces; the complete decoration of Pepi II&#39;s north chapel allows Egyptologists to contextualise those traces.</p><br>
<p>The substructure is similar to that of the Pyramid of Djedkare-Isesi, which was the model for all subsequent pyramids. A passageway descending from a point on the north face of the pyramid which was originally protected by the north chapel runs a little over twenty metres. It is blocked by four granite blocks at the entrance and leads to an entrance hall with a ceiling painted with five rows of white stars on a black background, oriented to the west. Then there is a horizontal corridor, itself blocked off by three granite blocks. The walls of this corridor are decorated with Pyramid texts. It is followed by a funerary antechamber on an east–west access and located under the very centre of the pyramid. The burial chambers were by a vault of eighteen massive stone blocks, arranged in chevrons. The ceiling of this vault was painted blue and covered with golden stars. On the eastern side of the antechamber, a doorway led to the serdab of the pyramid which has been completely destroyed.</p><br>
<p>The burial chamber, whose walls are covered in pyramid texts, is 3.15 metres wide and nearly eight metres long (7.79 metres at the north end, 7.91 metres at the south end). The western wall of the chamber is painted with the facade of a palace.</p><br>
<p>The sarcophagus is made out of greywacke; it is nearly three metres long, around 1.3 metres wide and 1.2 metres high. All four sides are engraved with hieroglyphs listing the complete royal titulary pf Pepi II. The sarcophagus is a fine piece of work, but shows some traces of incompleteness with respect to the inscription, which also retains marks of preparatory guide lines and shows no signs of the gilding which was usual for a royal sarcophagus in this period. The lid of the sarcophagus is also made of greywacke and is more obviously unfinished; in places it was never smoothed and there are no traces of inscriptions.</p><br>
<p>Some fragments of an alabaster chest for the canopic jars were found with the sarcophagus. The lid of this chest was also found, but is cut from a granite block - another sign of difficulty in completing the burial goods which were apparently completed in a hurry.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the decoration of the funerary chambers seems to have been abandoned abruptly, which further supports the conclusion that the structure was built in a hurry. This seems difficult to square with the long reign attributed to Pepi II. Throughout the monument, Egyptologists have revealed traces of uneven and incomplete work, as if construction had been repeatedly halted, such that the burial goods and burial chambers had to be completed in a hurry on the death of the king.</p><br>
<h2>The necropolis of Pepi II</h2><br>
<p>Like all the royal pyramid complexes, Pepi II&#39;s pyramid sat at the heart of a necropolis in which his family members and court officials built their own tombs, in order to follow their king into the hafterlife.</p><br>
<p>As part of this necropolis, three queen&#39;s pyramids have been identified, all given independent cult complexes. These miniature pyramid complexes have all the elements necessary for the funerary cult of royal wives at the end of the 6th dynasty. They are the:</p><br>
<p>Pyramid of Wedjebten to the southeast of Pepi II&#39;s pyramid complex,</p><br>
<p>of Neith, to the northwest of the royal pyramid complex</p><br>
<p>of Iput II, also to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>Nassau Lake is a reservoir located in Rensselaer County, New York.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Hoag, who settled in Nassau in 1792, purchased of Patroon Stephen Van Rensselaer, several hundred acres of land on and adjoining the site of the Village of Nassau. The body of water now known as Nassau Lake was then named Hoag&#39;s Pond. It was created by Hoag by constructing a dam which covered "the Vlaie" or "Beaver Meadow" with water.</p><br>
<p>Nassau Lake and its dam are owned and maintained by the Nassau Lake Park Improvement Association. Use of the lake and Association properties are reserved for members of the Association.</p><br>
<p>There is currently a ban on fish consumption in Nassau Lake due to contamination from the Dewey Loeffel Landfill</p><br>
<p>Mýrdalssandur is an outwash plain on the south coast of Iceland.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>The outwash plain is located between the rivers of in the east and in the west. Both rivers carry water from the Mýrdalsjökull glacier to the sea.</p><br>
<p>Mýrdalssandur has a 35 km-long coast line, including Kötlutangi, the southernmost point of the island of Iceland.</p><br>
<p>The Ring Road crosses this flat surface on 25 km.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>The outwash plain was built by the numerous jökulhlaups of the Mýrdalsjökull. The last large jökulhlaup was due to an explosive eruption of the Katla volcano under the glacier in 1918, and the water volume at the peak of the jökulhlaup was estimated to be around 200,000 - 300,000 m³/s.</p><br>
<h2>History of settlements</h2><br>
<p>South of the road rises to a height of 231 m. The mountain is named after Hjörleifur Hródmarsson. He was the first settler to come to Iceland with Ingólfr Arnarson.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages there was a fishing lake called Kerlingarfjörðer at the mouth of the. Probably it was not a fjord, but rather an extension of a river mouth. The name (isl. Kerling=the old woman) was created according to the land register book, after an old woman had fallen overboard from one of the settler ships and was carried away by the water. Around the year 1000 many farms seem to have found themselves on the Mýrdalssandur. Sources mention four parishes in. These farms were, however, were mostly abandoned up to the 15th century, as a result of volcanic eruptions of the Katla, subsequent glacier runs and ashfall. At the beginning of the 21st century, some farms still exist in Álftaver.</p><br>
<h2>Þykkvabær Monastery</h2><br>
<p>In 1168 a monks&#39; monastery of the Augustinians was founded in the Þykkvabær í Veri on the Mýrdalssandur. The name was then changed to and the first abbot there was Saint Thorlak. He was later bishop in Skálholt and some of his successors were either bishops there or in Hólar.</p><br>
<p>In 1550, with the Reformation, the King of Denmark took over the monastery with all its possessions. The monastery was dissolved, but it still existed for a long time as a rich farm until it was finally abandoned in 1945.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The area was used as a filming location for the Star Wars spinoff film Rogue One, representing the planet Lah&#39;mu in the opening scenes of the film.</p><br>
<p>The Hart Downtown Historic District is a commercial historic district located in Hart, Michigan along South State Street, and is roughly bounded by Main, Dryden, Water, and Lincoln Streets. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European settlers came to what in now Hart Township in 1855-56; the township itself was established in 1860. Timber was an early industry, and the village or Hart began when Elbridge G. Farmer began construction of a sawmill along the river in what is now Hart. The mill was purchased by Lyman B. Corbin and completed in 1862, and a boardinghouse built soon after. In 1864, the small settlement was chosen as the county seat of Oceana County. A post office was established that same year, and Corbin pletted the first portion of the village. A general store was built in what is now this historic district in 1865, a hardware store in 1866, and the first county buildings were constructed in 1867-68. A church was added in 1869, as well as a school, and by 1873 the village population was about 600.</p><br>
<p>This rapid growth wen hand-in-hand with the establishment of other industries in the area - mostly lumber-related, such as planing mills and stave manufacture. By 1883, there were at least 40 businesses in downtown Hart. The first brick buildings were constructed abou this time, and after a series of fires in the village, brick became the norm for building material. By 1900 brick blocks formed the majority of buildings in this district; five pre-1900 brick buildings exist today.</p><br>
<p>Development continued in the district through the first part of the 20th century, with new brick structures replacing older buildings. Construction essentially halted during the Great Depression, although a new post office was built. After World War II, a number of fires destroyed earlier buildings. Newer Modern construction took their place. Several other buildings were modernized, changing the streetscape of Hart.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hart Downtown Historic District encompasses the central business district of the city, which includes a series of closely set buildings along three blocks of State Street, with a few blocks on either side. Structures in the district are primarily commercial, but include single family homes and government building as well. The buildings represent a range of construction dates, as later buildings were infilled after fires or demolition of earlier structures. There are 57 buildings included within the district boundary, of which 37 contribute to the historic character of the district, with the remaining 20 of later construction or having a significant loss of integrity. The buildings are predominantly one or two stories, and use a variety of construction materials, of which brick and block are most common. Architectural styles include Italianate, Art Moderne and Mid-Century Modern.</p><br>
<p>Significant contributing structures include:</p><br>
<p>Charles A. and Carrie Gurney House (1893) This two-story brick Italianate house is located at 16 Courtland Street. The house was originally constructed for Charles A. Gurney, a local lawyer and pharmacist. The windows in the house are stacked in pairs of four over one double-hung windows. The small porch in the front of the house replaced a larger original porch that spanned the entire front.</p><br>
<p>Marv Chandler House (pre-1892) This foursquare buff brick hipped roof house is located at 15 Courtland Street. The house was probably originally constructed for Marv Chandler in the years just prior to 1892. The house is similar to the Gurney House across the street. The front facade has single double-hung windows with arched hoods. It has large overhanging eaves and an enclosed entry porch dating from the latter part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>John V. and Lydia E. Cahill House (c. 1893) This two-story gable-front house is located at 19 Courtland Street. It was originally constructed for John V. Cahill, a wagonmaker and part owner of a hardware store. The steeply pitched front gable reaches from ground-story eaves to a point above the main front gable, which has a small window at the top. There are two front entrances, and a long serial window. An ell addition was constructed on the house in 1920, and the front renovated to reflect an English Cottage style somewhat thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Mahar Wigton House (1881 - 1883) This two-story gabled ell house is located at 25 Courtland Street. This house was probably built in 1881-1883 for Mahar Wigton, who died in 1883. The property passed to his sons, Edmund and Warren, who both died in 1890, after which it passed to Warren&#39;s minor son Albert, with his mother Libbie as guardian. The house has an enclosed porch with a small octagon window on the first floor, as well as two bay windows. The second floor has five double hung windows.</p><br>
<p>Chadwick-Munger House (1893) This two-story house faced with coursed fieldstone is located at 114 Dryden Street. The house was constructed in 1893 for Dr. Harvey J. Chadwick, a prominent physician and pharmacist. However, Chadwick moved to Grand Rapids that same year, and in 1900 sold the house to Louis P. and Edith Munger. Louis was a cherry farmer and Edith served as the first female president of the Michigan Audubon Society from 1913 to 1934. The house is currently owned by the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society. The house has a hipped roof with dormers; asymmetric gables project at each side of the front elevation, one of which projects in a semi-octagonal form with small triangle-window dormers. The central entry is covered with a low hipped porch.</p><br>
<p>Hart Auto Company / Kunkle Manufacturing Co. (multiple dates, 1914 - 1929) This two-story, block long building located at 112 East Main Street was constructed in four parts. The oldest part was constructed in 1914 to house Hart Auto Company&#39;s Ford Service Garage. The building has corbelled and sawtooth brickwork, along with first floor storefront windows and five segmental arch-head second-story windows. An extension to the Hart Auto Company building was added in 1926, containing similar corbelled and sawtooth brickwork, as well as industrial windows. In about 1929 the Kunkle Manufacturing Company, an auto parts manufacturer, demolished a store on the other side of the block and built a factory with two and three-section windows on the front facade. Some time later a gable-roofed connector was constructed between the 1914 Hart building and the 1929 Kunkle building.</p><br>
<p>Noret Block (1899) This two-story Late Victorian brick commercial building is three storefronts wide, and is located at 12-16 South State Street. E.A. Noret, an early developer in Hart, purchased the lots this building sits on in early 1899 and quickly constructed this building. It was fully occupied by January 1900. The brick facade has square-headed double-hung windows on the second floor with stone window hoods above. On the first floor, the central entryway for each storefront is recessed, with large windows on either side.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank of Hart (1927–28) This two-story Neoclassical building was designed by Bond-Hubbard Company, a firm specializing in banks, for the First National Bank. It is located at 50 South State Street. This bank was organized in 1874, and failed in 1937. Afterward, the building was occupied by The Oceana County Savings Bank, which continued to operate in this building until the bak was purchased by another institution. Its successor organization, Huntinton Bank, still operates at this location. The building has a front portico with two simplified Corinthian columns with a classical entablature above. Large windows flank the columns on the first floor, while the second floor has three windows evenly spaced over the first floor windows and entryway.</p><br>
<p>County Courthouse Complex (1903, 1957, 1967) The County courthouse complex, located at 100 South State Street, consists of a 1903 Civil War Monument, along with the 1957-58 courthouse and the 1968 sheriffs department/jail. The first Oceana Courthouse was constructed at this location in 1873, and was not replaced until the present structure was built in 1957. The current courthouse is a one-story light yellow-buff and red brick International style building with a flat roof. The single-story Sheriff Department and Jail is similar. The Civil War Monument is a granite monument, with a pedestal supporting the figure of an infantry soldier at parade rest.</p><br>
<p>Ben Franklin Store Building (late 19th C./1917-19). This building, located at 19-23 South State Street, was constructed as two separate buildings. One half, perhaps part of the now-demolished Van Amburg block next door, was constructed in the late 19th century. The other half was constructed in 1917-19 for the Oceana County Savings Bank. In 1939, Robert Dorsh purchased both buildings and remodeled them into a single structure with the present front facade. Dorsh opened a Ben Franklin variety store in the building. After that closed, the Gambles department store expanded into he building in 1979. The combined building has a nearly all glass storefront on the firth floor, with a red brick upper portion above containing four widely separated double-hung windows.</p><br>
<p>Amuse Theater (1927) This two-story symmetric white enameled brick building at 27 South State Street was originally constructed to house the Amuse Theatre, which operated at this site from at least 1907. The theatre seated 400 people. and the building contained commercial space in the front. The upper portion of the facade is clad in white enameled bricks, with green soldier bricks above and below the windows and included in other decorative details. The lower portion of the facade has been significantly altered from the original. with the addition of enameled metal panels, and the location of the entrance moved.</p><br>
<p>Erickson Block (1892–93) This two story ltalianate style commercial building located at 39 South State Street was built between 1892 and 1893.</p><br>
<p>Hatch-Denison Block (1889) This two-story brick ltalianate commercial building at 53-55 South State Street was built in 1889. It has two, very different storefronts on the first floor. The second story has three double-hung windows with segmental-arch hoods above each storefront, and piers separating the window bays.</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple (1884, 1961) This two-story building at 117-119 South State Street once formed the end of the Wigton Hotel Block. It was the home of the Masonic Hall from at least 1893 through the 1980s. The building was entirely remodeled in 1961, and the remainder of the block was demolished in 1966. In the 1980s, the Hart Masonic Lodge merged with the Shelby Lodge and used their facilities. The first floor of the building has a single off-center entrance. The second floor has three windows with stone slab sills.</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office (1939) This single story Neoclassical post office located at 135 South State Street was designed by Louis A. Simon, the Supervising Architect of the Office which designed most of the country&#39;s post office buildings from 1933 to 1939. It is constructed of limestone-trimmed red brick, Ruth Grotenrath painted the WPA mural, "Boy Rounding up the Stick," located in the lobby of the building.</p><br>
<p>United Home Telephone Exchange (1916) This two-story flat-roofed red brick structure located at 220 Washington Street was used for the offices of the United Home Telephone Company, which provided telephone service to Oceana, Muskegon and Mason Counties. The first floor has a small entry porch and a sixteen over one window. THe second story has three ten over one windows.</p><br>
<p>Jenne Block is a two-story brick commercial building in downtown Douglas, Wyoming. It is described as the most ornate commercial building in Douglas, with extensive terra cotta detailing. It was built for rancher and businessman Jacob Jenne by contractor Edward A. Reavill in 1916. The building housed a bank and the local Douglas Enterprise newspaper, as well as professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular building measures 100 ft long by 26 ft wide. The corner entrance is set at an angle to face the intersection of Center and South Third Streets and is topped by a terra cotta crest with a JJ monogram. A raised entry at the middle of the long side provides access to the upper floors, with a basement stair set underneath. The elevations that do not face the street are blank expanses of brick.</p><br>
<p>Jenne Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Morton Mansion was built in 1903 in Douglas, Wyoming for the family of John Morton. Morton was a sheep rancher who also served as an elected official, banker and civic leader in Douglas. The house was designed by Wyoming architect William DuBois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Morton was born John M. Jenne in Germany and emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1867, settling in DeKalb, Illinois. He enlistyed in the USA Army at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, but deserted after an incident with an officer and changed his name to Morton. For a while he worked around the gold mines of Cripple Creek, Colorado, then went to Wyoming where he established a sheep ranch about 1891. Almost immediately he became the largest owner of livestock in central Wyoming, working together with his brother Jacob Jenne to operate the Morton-Jenne Sheep Company. The Morton Ranch grew to be the largest ranch in Converse County.</p><br>
<p>Morton married Sarah McDermott in 1894. They had five children, and Morton commissioned DuBois to design a house in Douglas for the family. The house was built by James Wells and completed in 1903.After moving into town Moron became a director of the First National Bank of Douglas and other businesses. He was elected mayor of Douglas in 1910 and represented Converse County in the Wyoming legislature. Morton died in 1916 and his wife and family assumed control of what became Mortons, Inc. The family retained the house until Sarah&#39;s death in 1952. After a time as a home for troubled youth the house returned to residential use and was renovated in the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Morton Mansion is a 2-1/2 story frame house with a porch on two sides and a variety of projecting bays. It is capped with a steeply-sloping shingled roof over a full attic. The porch railing adds to the design with a pattern of diamond cross-bracing. Window vary, with a variety of muntin patterns. Some of the first floor windows feature stained glass transoms. The property is enclosed with an ornate cast iron fence at the edges of the double lot.</p><br>
<p>The Morton Mansion was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Snelson-Brinker House was a historic home located near Steelville, Crawford County, Missouri. It was built by Levi Lane Snelson in 1834, as a one-story, double-pen log dwelling, and sold to John B. Brinker in 1837. Later that year, the property was the site of the murder of Brinker&#39;s two-year-old daughter Vienna, for which Mary the slave became the youngest person to be executed in Missouri history. The house was extensively rebuilt in the late 1980s. Also on the property are the log and frame smokehouse/root cellar , a cast iron pump , an open field and beyond the field is a cemetery with graves dating back to the 1830s. The property was eventually operated by the St. James Historical Preservation Society as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Snelson-Brinker House is significant as a campsite and gravesite during the period of the Trail of Tears. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It burned down on July 4, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Latarmá, Latarma or Arria river is a fluvial course in Cantabria, Spain. It is a tributary of the Lamasón River and a subaffluent of the Nansa River, to whose river basin it belongs. Measuring 9 km in length, it rises from an altitude of 339 m to 180 m at discharge.</p><br>
<h2>Georgraphy</h2><br>
<p>The headwaters begin at the macizo de Arria, in the Peña Rubia, and the first third of its route passes through Asturias. Until its confluence with the Lamasón, the Latarmá rotates between being submerged and visible. There are two important upwellings, one ta the height of the Lafuente (339 msnm), and another next to Venta Fresnedo (180 msnm). The last cave in which to submerge is the cueva del Toyo, before joining with the Lamasón in Venta Fresnedo. Flowing in a west to east direction, its course is located in the partially karst valley that bears its name, in the town of Herrerías. The successive tributaries are named, beginning with the first one, Chorro Bucero, Arauco, Seguedal, La Huerta, Pozo del Agua and Nacimiento del Agua.</p><br>
<p>The Brooks Lake Lodge, also known as the Brooks Lake Hotel and Diamond G Ranch, as well as the Two-Gwo-Tee Inn, is a recreational retreat in Fremont County, Wyoming near Dubois in the upper Wind River valley. The complex was built in 1922 to accommodate travelers coming to Yellowstone National Park on USA Route 287 from central Wyoming. The buildings are mainly of log construction with Craftsman style detailing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the complex is the lodge building. In plan the lodge is a Roman cross with a main section about 97 ft by 34 ft with crossing wings and an end extension. The lodge appears to have two stories but is in fact single story construction. The gabled roof is supported by log trusses. The main room in the lodge&#39;s interior is the dining room with a stone fireplace at one end, back-to-back with a similar fireplace facing into the lounge. Guest and utility rooms flank these spaces.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings on the site included guest cabins, a gas station, a barn, a stable and sheds. There were 15 guest cabins in 1922.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brooks Lake Hotel was built in 1922 as part of a program to provide accommodations for tourists arriving via the Lander-Yellowstone Transportation Company and was operated by the Amoretti Hotel and Camp Company. Eugene Amoretti was a businessman in Lander who was alleged to be the first European born in South Pass City in 1871. The Brooks Lake hotel was one of two operated by Amoretti on the road to Yellowstone; the other was at Moran. The hotel was built quickly, started in April 1922 and completed by July 1. The hotel charged $6 per person daily or $35 weekly, and it flourished for a couple of years, but by 1926 it was bypassed by buses. That year it was reorganized by investor Jim Gratiot as the Diamond G Ranch, which offered a dude ranch experience. This strategy worked through the years following World War II, but business again declined in the 1950s. For a while the Morton Salt Company used it as an employee recreation facility.</p><br>
<p>The property has been redeveloped and operates as a luxury resort. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Mikoyan Bay , is a bay in Severnaya Zemlya, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is clogged by ice most of the year with many icebergs in the strait off the mouth of the bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This bay was named by the 1930–1932 expedition to the archipelago led by Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev after Soviet statesman Anastas Mikoyan (1895–1978).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mikoyan Bay is a body of water in the northeastern area of Bolshevik Island, the southernmost island of Severnaya Zemlya. It is located southwest of Cape Unslicht on the Shokalsky Strait shore of the island. The headland on the western side of the mouth of the bay is Cape Baranov.</p><br>
<p>The bay extends in a roughly north/south direction for about 17 km. The basin inside the bay has smooth mountains on both flanks. Mikoyan Bay is about 5.5 km wide, the shores of both sides running almost parallel to each other southwards from its mouth. There are two little islets in the bay, Dvukh Tovarishchey (двух товарищей) close to the eastern coast, and smaller Sportivnyy (Спортивный) 3 km further south.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Hardwick Village Historic District encompasses a significant portion of the downtown area of Hardwick, Vermont. The town developed in the 19th century first as a small industrial center, and later became one of the world&#39;s leading processors of granite. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Hardwick was first settled in 1781, but a town government was not established in 1794. The village now called Hardwick was established in 1795, when John Bridgman established a sawmill and gristmill on the Lamoille River. It was originally called South Hardwick, but as it rose in economic importance in the 19th century, it was renamed to just Hardwick. Granite was quarried from the hills surrounding the village beginning 1845, and by 1911 it was home to the largest granite-processing business in the world, the Woodbury Granite Company. It declined thereafter, with fire and flood taking their toll on Main Street in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The historic district&#39;s central area is a one-block stretch of South Main Street, between Wolcott and Main Streets. It extends north along Main Street and then east along Church and Maple Streets, as well as extending east along Mill Street from its junction with Main and South Main. Portions of the district are commercial in nature while some of the outer areas are more residential. The time period between 1820 and 1860 is well represented in the village architecture, with a number of fine Greek Revival buildings. The other major periods represented are the 1870s, when a number of Second Empire commercial buildings were erected, and the Late Victorian. Probably the most architecturally sophisticated building in the village is the 1896 Jeudevine Memorial Library.</p><br>
<p>The CM Ranch and Simpson Lake Cabins are separate components of a single historic district associated with Charles Cornell Moore, a Fremont County, Wyoming dude ranch operator. The CM ranch, named after Moore, operated as a dude ranch from 1920 to 1942 and resumed operating in 1945. The Simpson Lake Cabins were purchased by Moore in 1931 and were operated as a hunting camp, continuing until 1997 when the CM ranch was sold to new owners and the Simpson Lake property was taken over by the USA Forest Service. The sites are separated by 13 mi.</p><br>
<h2>CM Ranch</h2><br>
<p>The CM Ranch is located in the Wind River Mountains at the mouth of Jakeys Fork Canyon, surrounded by red sandstone mesas at an altitude of 7,000 ft. The canyon is named after Charles Moores father, J.K. Moore. The ranch was built starting in 1920 as a dude ranch, the oldest in Fremont County. Charles C. Moore was a Wyoming native who had studies in the East, obtaining a law degree at the University of Michigan, but also participating in Buffalo Bills Wild West Show. Although he practiced law in Cheyenne, he developed ventures such as a boys camping operation in the Yellowstone area. As these ventures prospered Moore moved into dude ranching, eventually becoming president of the Dude Ranchers Association. Moores ranch prospered even through the Great Depression, but closed for World War II. It reopened in 1945. Moore sold the ranch to Les and Alice Shoemaker in 1952, and died in 1971. The ranch was sold to siblings Jay Kemmerer, Connie Kemmerer and Betty Gray in 1997.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The CM Ranch is an extensive complex of log buildings, usually built on stone foundations. A complex of guest cabins surrounds the core of the ranch. The dining hall is the main building. Nearby is an office cabin, bunkhouses and an employee dormitory. Livestock are accommodated by a barn and corral. The recreation hall is a converted cabin with activity and quiet space. Larger cabins served as residences for long-term guests and the owners.</p><br>
<h2>Simpson Lake Cabins</h2><br>
<p>The Simpson Lake Cabins are located in the present-day Fitzpatrick Wilderness in Shoshone National Forest on Simspon Lake. Access is by horseback. Before its purchase it was known as the Three Waters Hunting and Fishing Camp, built in 1928 by Nobe Harrison, Earl Nichols and Les Wright for touring hunters. The venture did not prosper and in 1931 they sold the camp to Moore. The camp was operated as a branch of the CM Ranch until 1997, when the CM was sold to new owners and the camp reverted to Shoshone National Forest.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The camp complex includes three cabins, a meathouse, corrals and two outhouses. All structures are of log construction on stone foundation. All materials and furnishings were hauled by horse to Moon Lake, floated across and taken up to the site, again by horse.</p><br>
<h2>Designation</h2><br>
<p>The CM Ranch and Simpson Lake Cabins were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1992. The ranch continues in operation. The cabins have been the object of maintenance work by HistoriCorps and are not in use.</p><br>
<p>The Delfelder Schoolhouse, also known as Delfelder Hall, was built in 1920-21 on property formerly owned by Jacob Delfelder in Fremont County, Wyoming. The school was the third school building on the site, intended to serve the children of residents in the remote region of the county. The school operated until 1929, when transportation became available to allow students to attend school in Riverton. After its use as a school the building became a community center. In 1940 the Delfelder Hall Association was formed to purchase and operate the building, buying it for $575 and retiring the debt in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Delfelder Hall is a one-story stucco building covered by a shallow hipped roof with deep overhangs. It measures about 82 ft by 24.5 ft. The entrance is marked by a small cross gable. The interior is dominated by a large meeting space, entered through the vestibule. A kitchen occupies the south end. The original partitions between classrooms have been removed. Small additions have been appended to the east side.</p><br>
<p>Delfelder Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 29, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Castle on 19th Street or 19th Street Castle is a Mission Revival style house in Cheyenne, Wyoming. It was built in 1914 for local businessman Thomas Heaney, who operated the Atlas Theatre in Cheyenne. Heaney also operated the Tivoli Bar and Restaurant and became a Wyoming state senator representing Laramie County. Heaney&#39;s residence features a three story corner tower with a broad overhanging tiled and hipped roof, with a stucco parapet surrounding the remainder of the roof, ornamented with projecting crests. A loggia with three arches fronts the house, ornamented with projecting squared beams. The driveway goes through the leftmost arch, flanked by a retaining wall, on its way to the rear of the house. The interior was converted for apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Castle was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 10, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Williston Village Historic District encompasses the village center of Williston, Vermont. The predominantly rural community is home to a well-preserved array of Federal and Greek Revival buildings, constructed mainly in the first half of the 19th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, with a minor enlargement in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Williston has had a long history as a primarily agrarian community, from its earliest settlement in the late 18th century. The town center arose at this location, in part as a stagecoach stop on the Williston Turnpike, opened in 1805 between Burlington and Montpelier. Now United States Route 2, it was the major route between these two cities until Interstate 89 was built in the 1960s. The town also benefited from nearby Allen Brook, whose waters powered sawmills and tanneries at the eastern end of the village. The town was generally prosperous in its agriculture, resulting in a fine collection of architecture built between about 1800 and 1860.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is visually anchored at its western end by a cluster of brick buildings, the 1832 Williston Congregational Church dominating. It extends eastward to where US 2 crosses Allen Brook, including a c. 1896 pedestrian bridge that is one of the oldest known concrete bridges in the state. Several of the houses in the district were built by members of the politically prominent Chittenden family; Thomas Chittenden was an important figure in Vermonts drive for statehood, and was its first governor. He was one of Willistons first settlers, and his son and grandson both lived here. Non-residential buildings in the district include four churches and two former taverns. None of the village&#39;s 19th-century industrial infrastructure survives, although archaeological remains may be present along Allen Brook.</p><br>
<p>Storey Gymnasium, also known as Cheyenne High School Gymnasium, was built in 1950 on the campus of Central High School in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The brick gymnasium was designed by Cheyenne architect Frederic Hutchinson Porter to include additional functions associated with the school&#39;s ROTC program, with an armory, rifle range and drill halls in addition to classrooms, shops and music spaces. The contractor was Loren Hancock, who built it at a cost of $646,611.66. It was named for William Storey, a member of the school Board of Trustees. When East High School was built in 1965 the facility was shared between East and Central.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick building measures about 240 ft by 180 ft. It features plain surfaces and uninterrupted horizontal lines without ornamentation beyond horizontal brick features in the upper portion. The center section houses a gymnasium illuminated by glass block windows set in a clerestory. It seated 4,500 for basketball when it first opened and is still in use for sporting events, circuses, graduation ceremonies, and other special events.</p><br>
<p>Storey Gymnasium was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 22, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Grand View Lodge is a resort on Gull Lake in Nisswa, Minnesota, United States. Established in 1916, it has grown to include seven restaurants, a spa, two golf courses, a conference center, and over 200 guest cabins. Two of the complexs buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and entertainment/recreation. They were nominated for displaying some of north-central Minnesotas most elaborate rustic log architecture, and for the older buildings status as one of the regions earliest resort lodges.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grand View Lodge property was first homesteaded in 1896 by the Berghs, a family of Danish immigrants. They did not prosper, however, and sold away the land in 1908. By 1915 new owners had converted the Berghs&#39; old log cabin into a modest fishing lodge. The following year, Minneapolis-based real estate developer Marvin V. Baker purchased the property and began selling it off as individual lakeshore lots. He had prospective buyers stay in the existing lodge, a venue which proved so popular in its own right that he decided to build a full new guest facility.</p><br>
<p>What became the Main Lodge was constructed of red pines harvested on site. Since the as-yet-undammed Gull Lake fluctuated greatly in water level, the lodge was built well away from the lakeshore. It opened in June 1921, offering guest rooms, a restaurant, a lobby, and a large second-floor ballroom. In 1928 the second floor was converted into additional guest rooms and the event space was relocated to the newly finished basement. Baker also added a pair of guest cabins every year.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression struck, however, and greatly curtailed revenues. In 1937 Baker sold the business to Reynolds Frederick Brownlee "Brownie" Cote and his wife Judy, who owned two childrens camps on nearby Lake Hubert and were looking for a property that could provide lodging to their guests parents. The Cotes built the Grand View into a successful resort, even opening a sister property in Arizona to provide a winter home for themselves and their employees.</p><br>
<p>The property opened its first full-size golf course in 1960. Two years later the Cotes bought out the remaining cabin owners and other investors to consolidate the Grand View as part of their family business. In the 1970s it achieved national attention as a tennis resort. The Norway Conference Center was added in 1984, the Pines Golf Course in 1990, the Preserve Golf Course in 1996, the Glacial Waters Spa in 2002, and the Gull Lake Center in 2009. The Grand View Lodge hosted the Minnesota Governor&#39;s Fishing Opener in 1976 and 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Main Lodge</h2><br>
<p>The Main Lodge building stands on a slight hill 400 ft from the lakeshore. It is a rectangular, three-story building with more recent additions built onto the west side. Main entrances are centered on the north and south façades under large gables. The walls are constructed mostly of horizontal logs, with some areas of vertical logs, and lap siding on much of the third floor. The wood is painted brown with white trim around windows and doors and on the end of projecting beams. Log balconies project from the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The Deer Cave  is a natural cave at the Salento coast near the town of Porto Badisco, around 8 km south of Otranto in Apulia, Italy. Unknown before 1970 it came to immediate international attention after the discovery of its impressive, innovative and enigmatic complex galleries of prehistoric parietal wall paintings.</p><br>
<p>This complex of underground caves was discovered during an ongoing routine exploration of the local territory on February 1, 1970 by a team of speleologists of the Salento Speleological Group "Pasquale de Laurentiis" from Maglie. It was initially named Cave of Aeneas (Grotta di Enea) in reference to Virgils Aeneid in which the Trojan hero Aeneas first landed in Italy precisely in Porto Badisco. The current name alludes to the omnipresence and significance of deer depictions among the caves galleries. The location was soon closed to the public in order to not to disrupt the original environmental conditions essential for the conservation of the paintings. Access to the cave remains restricted to authorized personnel and researchers only.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Grotta dei Cervi, the Grotta Romanelli and the Grotta delle Veneri are all located in the coastal Karst formations on the Salento peninsula in southern Apulia. Deemed to constitute a notable local cultural continuity of Paleolithic and Neolithic human occupation, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities of Apulia formally submitted for the induction into the World Heritage List in 2006 and has received UNESCO&#39;s official notice and recognition as Karstic caves in prehistoric Apulia.</p><br>
<p>Grotta dei Cervi is situated on the flank of a small valley opening to Porto Badisco. Exploration of the site is incomplete, however there are two entries and three main corridors (halls, galleries) with a combined length of more than 1,500 m. Hundreds of paintings and an estimated 3000 individual pictograms, executed in black (bat guano) and red (ochre) paint, are concentrated in groups in three galleries over a total distance of 600 m along the "wavy, milk colored" limestone walls.</p><br>
<p>The first corridor is about 200 m long and splits into two branches. At the northern end of one of these two human skeletons with heads missing were found. The second corridor is rich in paintings and can be accessed by a tunnel passage via the first corridor. This corridor widens towards the end with access to two successive rooms. In the middle of the corridor a pond has formed fed by dripping water. The section was used as deposit or storage site for bat guano, collected exclusively from inside the cave complex. The third corridor is also around 200 m long and its interior is accessible via the second hall through a very low opening.</p><br>
<p>Two novel species of Agromyces bacteria, Agromyces salentinus and Agromyces neolithicus, were identified from soil samples taken from outside and inside the cave, respectively.</p><br>
<h2>3D documentation</h2><br>
<p>In response to the pending problem of public access restriction to the site the Lecce provincial government approved the "Memorandum of Understanding for the creation and processing of three-dimensional virtual image reconstruction of the prehistoric paintings of the Cave of Porto Badisco and other related activities". A joint team of the National Research Council Canada and the University of Salento was granted access and has produced a 3D documentation of the cave&#39;s interior. Two sets of high resolution and detailed three-dimensional acquisitions along with two-dimensional images were captured in 2005 and 2009 respectively. More than 100 gigabytes of data were collected - including 35 GB of data on the 3D structure and 65 digital photographs. A high resolution 3D virtual tour is commercially available on DVD.</p><br>
<h2>Interpretation</h2><br>
<p>Critical statements have amounted to a near total consensus on the high degree of cultural and historical significance and the exceptional artistic quality of the caves art. However, Paolo Graziosis work The prehistoric paintings in the caves of Porto Badisco (1980) remains the only scientific on-site documentation of the paintings.</p><br>
<h3>Publications</h3><br>
<p>Maria Laura Leones line of interpretation of the caves artwork (with reference to Paolo Graziosis 1980 monograph) in her 2009 publication: The Phosphenic Deer Cave of Badisco - Art and Myth of the Shadows in Depth&#39; (abridged version):</p><br>
<p>Leone suggests that the regularly recurring "deer" and hunting scenes represent some kind of "creation myth". The hunter, accompanied by dogs was identified as a leitmotif and an epic analogy of "a mythic ancestor". Notable according to Leone is "the artist&#39;s simplifying deductive method by which he very capable and effectively records the complex visionary experience." Presentation of Neolithic art was indeed commanded by pictorial syntax and universal prehistoric cultural visual ideas.</p><br>
<p>Elettra Ingravallo offers an alternative approach towards an interpretation in her publication: The Grotta Dei Cervi (Otranto - Lecce):</p><br>
<p>Elettra Ingravallo argues in close proximity to and support of Aby Warburg&#39;s concept of "Survival". An interpretation based on images is here fruitless, as the motives and the actual abstract process of the visual act is too much under the control of subconscious impulses and instincts. She emphasizes that the incomplete knowledge of prehistoric societies and heterogeneous information on social and political organisation provides only a vague understanding of the true nature and correlation of power inside the Neolithic communities. It is not inappropriate, she writes to remind that difficulties remain for interpretations of the immaterial world of prehistory and its unexpressed concepts.</p><br>
<p>The paintings of the Grotta dei Cervi are attributed to the late Neolithic that makes them 20,000 years more recent than most well known Paleolithic cave paintings, such as Lascaux and Altamira. Mediterranean societies of the late Neolithic era had begun to engage in community organisation and planning (Printed ceramics industry, farming, towns, religion) and individuals pursued the first specialized traits. The authors of these paintings had to be individuals invested with special functions, artist-shamans or in some way related to them. The artwork composition, implementation, thorough planning and conceptual thinking suggests that these Neolithic artisans belonged to the greater European, Mediterranean, Trans-Alpine pan-culture, "that lived at the margins of agriculture", endowed with a common set of ideas and an inherit understanding of surreal and metaphoric concepts.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich Girls Grammar School Buildings is a heritage-listed group of private school buildings at Ipswich Girls Grammar School, 82 Chermside Road, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1891 to 1968. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ipswich Girls&#39; Grammar School (IGGS) was opened in 1892 and was the last of the ten non-denominational grammar schools to be established in Queensland under the Grammar Schools Act 1860. In 1863 the Ipswich Grammar School (IGS - for boys) was established being the first Grammar School to be established in Queensland following the Grammar Schools Act, 1860. The advent of the 1860 Act and the ensuing establishment of grammar schools throughout Queensland was seen as a major advancement for education in the new colony. It brought about the first attempts by government and local communities combined to establish institutionalised, academic, secondary education in Queensland, paving the way towards the establishment of tertiary education in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Grammar Schools Act of 1860 stipulated that where £1000 could be raised by donation or subscription in any district for the establishment of a grammar school, then the Government would contribute £2000 towards the school. The race to establish the first grammar school in Queensland was racked by sectarian rivalry with the Roman Catholic Church being the first contender. However, the controversy concerning church versus state education led to the Queensland Governments refusal of Roman Catholic Bishop James Quinns proposal to establish grammar schools at Brisbane and Ipswich on the principle that a grammar school education should be secular and free from denominational control. This was the basis on which all of the grammar schools were eventually established.</p><br>
<p>The Grammar Schools followed the traditional British format for providing an education based on languages, particularly the Classics, Latin and Greek, and usually English, Mathematics and other academic subjects.</p><br>
<p>The concept of a formal academic education for women was just emerging in Australia in the latter nineteenth century. The first grammar schools in Queensland, Ipswich and Brisbane, were established exclusively for boys but by 1874 the Brisbane Grammar School had admitted girls into the school and appointed Mrs M. OConnor as Headmistress. In 1883 Brisbane Girls Grammar School was established for girls. In 1881 Rockhampton Grammar School was established as a co-educational school and in 1892 a separate Rockhampton Girls Grammar School had been established. Again in 1883 the Ladies Committee in Maryborough had established the Maryborough Girls&#39; Grammar School and in 1893 the Townsville Grammar School became co-educational and has remained co-educational until the present.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1870s there was mounting pressure in Ipswich to establish a girls grammar as expressed in an editorial to The Queensland Times, 21 December, 1876:We would urge upon our townspeople and particularly upon the trustees of our Grammar School the importance of at once taking steps for the establishment of a Girls Grammar School in Ipswich. Our boys have had the opportunity - of which many have availed themselves - of receiving a thorough English and Classical education. But what has been done in the way of providing higher education for our girls? Nothing!In 1887 a committee was formed to raise funds for the establishment of a Girls Grammar School and in 1890 the land for the current site of the school was granted by the Trustees of Queen&#39;s Park in Ipswich. In the same year, George Brockwell Gill had been appointed architect and was contracted to design a school building for a cost of £3500. Tenders for construction were called in The Queensland Times on 21 Jan 1891 and contractors Worley and Whitehead were accepted with a tender of £3893. The foundation stone of the school was laid on 10 March 1891 by Acting Governor, Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, K.C.M.G.</p><br>
<p>The architect of the original building, George Brockwell Gill, designed many of the grand residences and public buildings in Ipswich from the 1880s to the 1930s. Some of his works include "Brynhyfryd" for Lewis Thomas (1889/90), St Pauls Rectory (1895), the Ipswich Club House (1916), Ipswich Technical College (1901), and supervision of the construction of the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator in 1936. Gill emigrated from London and settled in Ipswich in 1886 where he commenced work as an architect for the firm of Samuel Shenton. Gill took over Shentons practice in 1889 when Shenton retired. Gill had been elected Associate of the Queensland Institute of Architects in 1904 and Fellow by 1913. He was its Vice-President in 1914-16 and President in 1918-19. Gill was also a member of the Board of Trustees for the school and on his retirement in 1948 he was the Chairman of the Board of Trustees.IGGS opened to students on 1 February 1892 with an enrolment of 31 girls under the charge of the first Headmistress, Miss Fanny E. Hunt, B.Sc., University of Sydney, appointed by the Board of Trustees in October 1891. The school also employed two assistant teachers and one junior teacher. The subjects offered included English, Latin, German, French, Political Science, Botany, Chemistry, Physics, Geology, Domestic Economy, Drill and Gymnastics, Geography, Ancient and Modern History, Writing, Drawing and Book-keeping. The school had an immediate impact on the education young women; from the first group of 31 students came the first Queensland woman to take a degree in medicine (Eleanor Constance Greenham), the first woman to take a degree of Master of Arts in Mathematics at Sydney University (Estelle Cribb), a distinguished artist (Violet Rudkin) and a Principal of Osborne College in the Blue Mountains (Violet Gibbons). Both the second and third women to be called to the Queensland Bar were educated at IGGS.Later in 1892, a gymnasium, play shed, stables, fences, roads and trees were added to the school grounds. Amongst the trees planted at this time were those lining the main driveway, forming an avenue consisting of weeping figs, Moreton Bay figs and camphor laurels. The gatekeepers lodge was also built in 1892 by Worely and Whitehead for £153 to the design of George Brockwell Gill. The Trustees of the School demanded that the kitchen, as well as the living room, of the lodge have a view of the schools gate with the idea that the caretaker&#39;s wife would attend the gate while in the kitchen.In 1901 the original school building was extended on its northern side to the design of George Brockwell Gill, giving the school a symmetrical frontage and adding a decorative lantern in the northern wing. In 1952 the current gates to the school were opened as the Estelle Cribb Memorial Gates. Estelle Cribb was a former student of IGGS and later became a teacher there after completing her University studies in Sydney. The Cribb family has had a strong association with IGGS from its beginnings, Thomas Bridson Cribb M.L.A. being the first Chairman of the Board of Trustees of IGGS. The Cribbs have served as Trustees on the Board until the present day.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 the assembly hall was opened which was designed by architect Karl Langer. Langer was a respected authority in house design for the sub-tropics. In 1944 Langer published a paper, "Sub-tropical Housing" which was a forerunner to subsequent publications on climatic design. He was a lecturer at the University of Queensland for many years. The assembly hall at IGGS exemplifies some of his principles of climate control.</p><br>
<p>The gatekeeper&#39;s lodge was converted into new accommodation for speech and drama subjects by removing some of the internal walls to make a small theatre and classroom and converting the kitchen into a workshop and the bathroom into a make-up room. This work was undertaken by Arthur Lumley in 1983. In 1991 the lodge was extended in period style by David Pagendam and Associates. A replica building has been constructed on the western side of the old lodge as a small theatre auditorium, designed. In 1977 the assembly hall was extended by Bruce Buchanan Architects Pty Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Since 1995 several new complexes have been added to the grounds included the gymnasium on the south-west portion of the school.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ipswich Girls Grammar School is approached from the highest point of Brisbane Street near the Chermside Road fiveways intersection. The school gates were constructed as a memorial to Estelle Cribb in 1952. The gates lead into an avenue of mature trees which continues to the main buildings. To the left of the entrance is the gatekeepers lodge, designed by Brockwell Gill and constructed in 1892. This building is a lowset timber-framed house clad with chamferboards. The roofline is made up of three gables with separate skillion roofs to the verandahs. The verandahs are simply detailed with timber railings and brackets. This building has been extended and has had internal alterations. A replica cottage has been constructed next to it to house a theatre workshop.</p><br>
<p>Terminating the tree lined avenue are the Assembly Hall and the Administration building. The Administration building was the first building constructed on the site. It is a classical two storey rendered brick building, designed by Brockwell Gill, that was constructed in stages from 1892. The first stage consisted of the central portion with a transverse gabled wing to the left hand end. Another transverse gabled wing was added at the right hand end in 1901, completing the symmetry of the building. The gabled ends have pilasters rising up through two storeys and terminating in three semi-circular arches above the upper storey windows. The date of construction of each wing is inscribed in raised lettering below each central upper window. The central portion of the facade consists of a ground floor arcaded verandah with a central semi-circular arch leading to the central entrance door. This semi-circular arch is repeated on the upper verandah and is surmounted by a central gabled roof. Timber finials and decorative timber fretwork are at the end of each gable.</p><br>
<p>The internal walls of the Administration building consist mainly of a painted rendered finish up to the dado line with painted brick above. The majority of the interior timber joinery is intact. A decorative roof lantern lights the fine timber stairwell in the 1901 wing. The 1892 wing also contains a more simply detailed timber stair. The upper room in this wing features heavy timber roof trusses with a diagonally boarded ceiling lined on the rake and timber honour boards dating back to the formation of the school.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the Administration building consists of several wings built around a central courtyard. The rear wings were constructed in stages, beginning with a single storey and resulting in two storey wings to three sides of the courtyard. These wings are of brick and timber construction, with narrow verandahs on both sides of a central room core. The verandahs are simply detailed with timber balustrades with a cross pattern and curved timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>The Assembly Hall was designed in 1964 by Dr Karl Langer and terminates the tree lined entry avenue. The hall has a simple gabled portico to the front with a finely textured face-brick main wall behind. A Shillam sculpture of birds in flight is in the forecourt of the building. Double glazed timber doors lead into the foyer at the front of the building. The interior volume of the hall is punctuated by steel webbed truss portal frames which continue out to support the roof of a side aisle on the eastern side. Langer&#39;s concern with climatic design is shown in the design of the building. Indirect light is admitted to the hall through eastern clerestory glazing. A folded brick wall to the eastern aisle has glazing on the south walls to admit additional indirect light. High level louvres on the western wall allow the exit of warm air and aid cross-ventilation. Original metal and glass light fittings remain in the foyer and the dark-stained vertical boarded detailing to parts of the hall is intact. The hall has been extended since it was constructed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Ipswich Girls Grammar School Buildings were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1891, Ipswich Girls Grammar School is an important example of an early secondary girls school in Queensland and reflects the development of education in Queensland. The youngest of the Grammar Schools in Queensland, it demonstrates the culmination of the Grammar School movement which saw Grammar Schools established throughout the state since the Grammar Schools Act of 1860.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic significance as an important civic group with grounds occupying the dominating slope to the immediate north-east of the city centre with townscape importance to the immediate streets and the distant city views. The memorial entrance gates with the 1893 gate-house and the tree-lined driveway leading to the original school building designed by George Brockwell Gill and the 1960s assembly hall designed by Karl Langer are particularly important to the aesthetic value of the school.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich Girls&#39; Grammar School has strong association with the past, present and future generations of the school community. It also has strong association with the local community of Ipswich having been a landmark in the city since 1891.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It possesses strong association with the work of prominent Ipswich architect George Brockwell Gill who designed the original building in 1891 and additions to this building in 1901. It is a good example of one of his earlier works preceding his most notable work for the Ipswich Technical College (1901) and other buildings in Ipswich including the Ipswich Club House (1916), Hotel Metropole (1906)and the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator (1936).</p><br>
<p>The school also has special association with the work of architect Karl Langer who designed the assembly hall opened in 1968. It is a good example of his work exemplifying his principles of design for climate.</p><br>
<p>Ciomadul is a volcano in Romania, and is known as Csomád in Hungarian. It is in the Carpathians, close to the towns of Băile Tușnad and Bixad. It is part of a volcanic chain known as the Călimani  – Gurghiu  – Harghita  chain and lies at its southeastern end. Ciomadul consists of several lava domes with two embedded explosion craters known as Mohos and St. Ana, the latter of which contains a crater lake, Lake Sfânta Ana. The dominant volcanic rock at Ciomadul is potassium-rich dacite.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity at Ciomadul commenced with effusive activity about one million years ago. Most of the volcano was constructed between 650,000 – 500,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Between 56,000 and 32,000 years ago explosive volcanic activity occurred at Ciomadul. Both the exact dates of the various eruptions and of the formation of the St. Ana and Mohos craters are unclear, partly because dates obtained by potassium-argon dating and other dating techniques deviate from each other. Some eruptions may have reached sub-Plinian strength, ejecting volcanic ash as far as the Black Sea.</p><br>
<p>The last eruption took place between 32,600 and 27,500 years ago. Its date is likewise unclear. Ongoing seismic and geothermal activity, and exhalations of volcanic gas and evidence of a still existing magma chamber indicate that Ciomadul is a potentially active volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<h3>Regional setting</h3><br>
<p>With the exception of Greece and Italy, historical volcanism has not taken place in Continental Europe. The most recent volcanic activity occurred between 40,000 and 6,500 years ago in Garrotxa, the Massif Central and the Vulkaneifel.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in the region of Carpathia and Pannonia has been ongoing since 20 million years ago but has decreased during the Quaternary. No eruptions have occurred in the Holocene. The last volcanism occurred at Ciomadul in the last glacial age. Sparse basaltic volcanism has also occurred in the area, forming monogenetic volcanic fields.</p><br>
<p>A 700 km volcanic arc lies in the Carpathians. In its southern segment, also known as the Călimani (Kelemen) – Gurghiu (Görgényi) – Harghita (Hargita) chain, volcanism has migrated between 9 and 0.22 million years ago southward, forming a 100 km long volcanic chain. Magma output progressively decreased during time, with early volcanoes being large stratovolcanoes sometimes featuring caldera-forming eruptions, while more recent activity includes monogenetic volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>This volcanism occurs in a setting where the collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Tisza-Dacia microplate took place. This is part of the collision between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate; subduction may still be underway in the area of the Carpathians. The Vrancea zone, which is 50 km away from Ciomadul, features ongoing earthquake activity; deep earthquakes suggest that a remnant of a slab exists beneath the Vrancea zone. This tectonic setting may also be responsible for volcanism at Ciomadul and the Persani volcanic field, 40 km south of Ciomadul. Other theories on Ciomadul&#39;s volcanic activity imply delamination of the lithosphere or roll-back of the subduction zone.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in this chain is calc-alkaline, yielding both andesite, dacite, and rhyolite. Three million years ago, a change in the chemistry of volcanism occurred, with an increased content of potassium in the rocks. This change in composition geographically coincided with the volcanic activity crossing a lineament known as the Trotus line.</p><br>
<h3>Volcano</h3><br>
<p>Ciomadul is located in the southeastern Carpathians, at the end of the Călimani (Kelemen) – Gurghiu (Görgényi) – Harghita (Hargita) volcanic chain. The gorge of the Olt River separates Ciomadul from the Harghita Mountains. The towns of Băile Tușnad and Bixad are close to the volcano, and a road leads up the volcano from the southeast and goes past the Mohos swamp to the St. Ana lake. The basement of the volcano is formed by flysch of Cretaceous age.</p><br>
<p>The idea that Ciomadul could be a still active volcano was first proposed in 1780 on the basis of its young appearance and the release of gas. While a publication in 1964 postulated that the tuffs of Ciomadul were reworked Pliocene volcanites, the late Pleistocene age was established soon afterwards.</p><br>
<p>Ciomadul is formed by a complex of lava domes and other volcanic material that form a south-tilting ridge that rises above the 700 m high surrounding Lower Ciuk Basin. Individual lava domes form cone-shaped hills, which reach heights of 300 - and widths of 1 -. Individual domes include Haramul Ierbos (Fű-Haram in Hungarian), Haramul Mare (Nagy-Haram), Haramul Mic (Kis-Haram), Vf. Cetăţii (Vár-tető), Vf. Comloş (Komlós-tető) and Vf. Surduc (Szurdok-tető). The central cluster of domes is elliptical. The highest point of the complex is Ciomadul Mare (Nagy-Csomád) with an altitude of 1,301 m. Some domes were later affected by erosion or explosive activity. The whole volcanic complex covers a surface area of 80 km&sup2, and is surrounded by a circular/semicircular plain made of volcanic debris.</p><br>
<p>The lava dome complex contains two craters, named Mohos and St. Ana. They were formed in the previously existing lava domes. The St. Ana crater is 1,600 m wide and 200 m deep beneath the rim, comparable with the crater of El Chichón volcano in Mexico. This crater lacks a breach and is relatively unaffected by erosion. It contains a 6 m deep crater lake, which once may have been over 12 m deep. This 189.9 km&sup2; large lake is known as Lake Sfânta Ana (46&deg;07&prime;35&Prime;N latitude, 25&deg;53&prime;17&Prime;E longitude) and lies at an altitude of 946 m.</p><br>
<p>The Mohos crater lies at an altitude of 1,050 m. It is larger than St. Ana with a diameter of 1.9 km and not as deep. with its bottom lying above sea level. It is filled with a 80 hectare large and 10 m thick Sphagnum peat bog and its rim is cut by the St. Ana crater.</p><br>
<p>Unlike St. Ana, the Mohos crater has been breached by erosion, causing the formation of an outlet valley. Both craters were formed by explosive eruptions and distinguishing between the deposits of both is difficult. The existence of an even larger crater with a diameter 2 - has been suggested, encompassing both St. Ana and Mohos.</p><br>
<p>Pyroclastic flow deposits generated by Ciomadul have been found on its northeastern, southern and western slopes. They reach a distance of as much as 25 km from the volcano. At Tusnad road, one of the flows has a thickness of 10 m. Tephra fall bed, lapilli, and surge deposits are also found, and the flow deposits contain pumice blocks. One lapilli layer, 20 - thick, from Ciomadul has been identified 40 km east of the volcano. The whole pyroclastic formation has been subdivided into three classes known as "Early Phreatomagmatic + Plinian Activity", "Middle Plinian Activity" and "Latest St. Ana Phreatomagmatic Activity". Each comprise a number of individual tephra layers.</p><br>
<p>Other landforms at Ciomadul include coulees and lava flows. The total volume of the complex is about 8 - dense rock equivalent. Drilling has identified the existence of an intrusion at a depth of 575 m.</p><br>
<p>Older volcanic centres extend northwest of Ciomadul. With increasing distance they are 2.5–1.5 million years old Pilisca centre, the 2.8–2.2 million years old Cucu centre and the 4.3–3.6 million years old Luci-Lazu and Sumuleu-Ciuc volcanic centres. South of Ciomadul the Murgul shoshonites were erupted 2.3–1.5 million years ago; they represent cryptodomes. Andesite lava flows from Pilisca underlie the Ciomadul deposits in some places.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>The principal rock is dacite, rich in potassium. The rocks have a porphyric appearance and contain few vesicles. They are also very rich in crystals, with the dominant phenocryst-forming minerals being biotite, hornblende and plagioclase. Less important are allanite, apatite, clinopyroxene, olivine, orthopyroxene, quartz, sphene and zircon. The groundmass contains plagioclase, pyroxene, silicon dioxide and oxides of iron and titanium. The composition of Ciomadul&#39;s rocks has been fairly constant throughout its evolution, and this diversity of its components indicate that the genesis of Ciomadul magmas involved mixing between felsic and mafic magma.</p><br>
<p>A large proportion of crystals in the rocks consists of antecrysts and xenocrysts, making radiometric dating of the rocks difficult. These include the amphibole, biotite, feldspar and zircon.</p><br>
<p>The temperature of the magma chamber has been estimated to be about 700 -, with heating of over 200 &deg;C occurring before some eruptions according to thermometry calculation. Volcanic activity was most likely triggered by the injection of basaltic magma into the felsic magma chamber before the actual eruption. The amphiboles in the rocks formed at depths of 7 -. The magma output of Ciomadul is about 0.009 km3/kyr.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Ciomadul is located in a temperate climate zone. Rainfall reaches 800 -, resulting in strong erosion. The annual mean temperature is 7.6 &deg;C at Sfintu Gheorghe, the nearest meteorological station. Around St. Ana, July mean temperatures are 15 &deg;C and January temperatures -5 to -6 C.</p><br>
<p>While some glaciation occurred in the Carpathians during the ice ages, no glacial activity is recorded at Ciomadul. The volcano was unforested at that time, with steppe and tundra vegetation comprising most of the reported flora.</p><br>
<p>Ciomadul is covered by beech and spruce forests. Around St. Ana lake, the vegetation is mostly formed by Fagus sylvatica (common beech) and Picea abies (Norway spruce) woods. Other trees include Acer platanoides (Norway maple), Betula pendula (silver birch), Carpinus betulus (common hornbeam), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Salix caprea (goat willow) and Salix cinerea (grey willow). A fen contains Carex lasiocarpa (slender sedge), Carex rostrata (bottle sedge), Lysimachia thyrsiflora (tufted loosestrife) and Sphagnum angustifolium (fine bogmoss). At Mohos, vegetation consists of Alnus glutinosa (common alder), Betula pendula and Salix. The peat bog contains trees (Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens (downy birch)) and Ericaceae.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Ciomadul has been active for over half a million years, with the oldest activity between 1,000,000 and 750,000 years ago forming lava domes. Older estimates indicate that activity did not start before 250,000 years ago, while more recent research indicated a start of volcanism over 600,000 years ago. Volcanism at Ciomadul consisted mostly of the extrusion of lava domes, their collapse forming block-and-ash flows and subplinian and Vulcanian eruptions.</p><br>
<p>A gap of about 500,000 years separates Ciomadul from the activity of other volcanoes in the area. The two oldest dates of 1,020,000 and 850,000 years ago were obtained on peripheral lava domes. Activity reached a peak between 650,000 – 500,000 years ago, when the principal lava domes were formed. This effusive phase is also known as "old Ciomadul". The youngest lava dome was dated at 42,900 ± 1,500 years ago by uranium-thorium dating. The dates obtained by potassium-argon dating are much older; there is substantial disagreement between dates obtained by potassium-argon dating or argon-argon dating on the one hand and uranium-thorium dating on the other hand at Ciomadul. These dates indicate the formation of the central lava domes between 590,000 and 140,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Between 56,000 and 32,000 years ago, explosive activity occurred at Ciomadul. That timespan coincides with the deposition of tephra from volcanoes in Italy in Europe; it is possible that tephra also came from Ciomadul. Indeed, the age of Ciomadul&#39;s last eruption overlaps with the age of the Campanian Ignimbrite. Some tephra layers found in two drilling cores of the Black Sea may have originated at Ciomadul.</p><br>
<p>An earlier explosive eruption about 55,900 ± 2,300 years ago may be the origin of the Mohos crater, with another proposed potassium-argon date being 220,000 years ago. Mohos crater is probably older than the St. Ana crater. A phreatomagmatic deposit northeast of Mohos was formed by an eruption of the Mohos crater; this eruption may be the source of the "Turia type" phreatomagmatic deposits, which is dated to have occurred about 51,000 ± 4,800 years ago. In one view, a volcanically quied period followed an effusive eruption 42,900 years ago named "Piscul Pietros" and lasted until 31,510 years ago, when a Plinian eruption occurred. This latter eruption deposited 0.6 m thick ash as far as 21 km from the vent at one site. Alternatively, 38,900 ± 1,700 years ago a subplinian eruption occurred at Ciomadul; it may have formed the St. Ana crater. This date would correspond to that of the so-called "MK-202" tephra.</p><br>
<p>The age of the last eruption is controversial. In 1994, radiocarbon dating yielded an age of 10,700 ± 800 years Before Present from a pyroclastic flow. Later, paleosoils and other samples from the same flow were used to deduce similar ages of over 36,770, 42,650, over 35,670 and over 35,520 years before present, respectively. Thus this youngest age estimate was discarded. In 2010, further research identified two younger eruptions, one occurring 39,000 years Before Present and the other 27,500 years Before Present. Other data obtained by uranium-thorium dating indicate an age of 32,600 ± 1,000 years ago for the youngest eruption. Both of these eruptions took place at St. Ana and imply a repose period between eruptions of over 10,000 years. Much older dates obtained by potassium-argon dating are not considered reliable. Alternatively, the latest eruption may have occurred at a satellite vent seeing as sedimentation of the St. Ana lake has been ongoing since 26,000 years ago. These two recent eruptions were fed by different magmas, with the younger eruption coming from deeper magma chambers (5 - versus 4 km) and involving more primitive magma. The youngest eruption was probably very violent; the Roxolany Tephra which may be associated with it has been found as far as Odessa, Ukraine, 350 km away from Ciomadul. If the Roxolany Tephra was formed by the youngest eruption of Ciomadul, the youngest eruption would have occurred 29,600 calibrated radiocarbon years ago based on independent dates of the tephra.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Presently, Ciomadul displays seismic activity, release of carbon dioxide from mofettas and anomalous heat flow, reaching 85 -. Outgassing of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and mostly abiotic methane have been found at Ciomadul. The total output of carbon dioxide is about 229 t per year and of methane 1.3 t per year.</p><br>
<p>At depths of 8 to 20 km, a magma chamber has been identified beneath Ciomadul, based on magnetotelluric data. A deeper basaltic melt zone may also exist. Further, a zone of low seismic velocity has been identified with geophysical and seismic modelling in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath Ciomadul, down to depths of 110 km or 400 km.</p><br>
<p>Hydrothermal activity has been noted at Ciomadul and Tusnand-Bai, including a high temperature system at depth with temperatures exceeding 225 &deg;C. The Tusnand-Bai springs have temperatures of 15 - and discharge salty, carbon dioxide-rich water which emerges from pyroclastic deposits.</p><br>
<h2>Future activity</h2><br>
<p>Volcanoes are usually considered to be active if they have had eruptions during the Holocene. However, as demonstrated by the unexpected eruption of Chaiten volcano in Chile in May 2008, even long-inactive volcanoes can become active again. Such volcanoes can constitute a threat to regions with seemingly quiet volcanism. Ciomadul has had repose periods of over 10,000 years and possibly even longer. Zircon crystallization data imply that the magma chambers of Ciomadul were active over time spans of over 300,000 years.</p><br>
<p>Uniquely, Ciomadul is a still alive volcano in Eastern Europe and its craters have a youthful appearance. There is always the possibility of renewed volcanic activity if the magma chamber has not solidified. Deep earthquake activity at Ciomadul occurs down to a depth of 70 km, indicating that the volcanic system between the magma chamber and lithospheric melts is still active. It is considered to be a potentially active volcano.</p><br>
<p>The Elkins Tavern is a historic house on Bailey-Hazen Road in Peacham, Vermont. Built in 1787 by one of Peacham&#39;s first settlers, it has one of the best-preserved 18th-century interiors in the state of Vermont. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Elkins Tavern, now a private residence, is located south of Peachams main village, on the east side of Bailey-Hazen Road, a side loop off South Main Street that was once the principal route through the area. The road was built during the American Revolutionary War, and retains much of its original character. The house stands on the east side, on a rise with views to the east and south. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, central chimney, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The main facade faces west toward the road, and is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by simple pilasters and topped by a transom window, entablature, and gabled pediment. A similar doorway is found on the north facade. The interior retains the original Georgian central chimney plan, with an entry vestibule with winding staircase, and flanking parlor spaces. These rooms, as well as the matching chambers on the second floor, retain many original features, including fireplaces and fireplace surrounds and wainscoting on the walls. The rear spaces have undergone some modernization. A 19th-century barn stands across the street from the house, supposedly on the site of Jonathan Elkins first residence, a log cabin.</p><br>
<p>The Bailey-Hazen Road was the first road built through northern Vermont, as part of American military plans for the taking of the British Province of Quebec in the American Revolutionary War. These plans were never realized, but the road (which was built to Hazens Notch in Westford) opened the area to settlement. Jonathan Elkins, a native of Haverhill, New Hampshire, arrived in what is now Peacham, and built a log cabin in 1775. The road was built later in the 1770s, passing by his cabin. He built this house in 1787, which also served as a tavern for passing travelers. The old road was eventually bypassed by the present alignment of South Main Street to the west.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich Grammar School Buildings are a heritage-listed group of private school buildings at Ipswich Grammar School, Woodend Road, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1863 to 1972. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ipswich Grammar School was the first secondary school established in Queensland and its original building was constructed in the early 1860s, constituting a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The term "grammar school" dates as far back as the early days of Christianity when the Church maintained the connection between Christian education and the study of "grammar" or, more precisely, classical languages and literature. While the history of grammar schools dates from these early origins, English schools teaching grammar date from the 15th century when William of Wayneflete established the Free Grammar School. During the 18th and 19th centuries, grammar schools in Britain began expanding the curricula beyond the confines of classics and the Ipswich Grammar School was established in this climate of educational change, expansion and centralization.</p><br>
<p>In stark contrast, education in pre-Separation Queensland was limited to the teaching of reading, writing, arithmetic and religious instruction, and was often a parochial venture conducted from the parlours of private establishments or homes. When Queensland was declared a separate colony from New South Wales on 10 December 1859, the new Queensland Government faced the increasing need to provide an educational system for the new colony. Two significant pieces of legislation were enacted in 1860 to facilitate the development of Queensland education - the Education Act which saw the creation of a Board of General Education and the Grammar Schools Act 1860 which encouraged the establishment of grammar schools by providing a government subsidy of £1000 when an equal sum of money was raised by donation or subscription in any district.</p><br>
<p>Early efforts were made to establish a grammar school in Brisbane, but sectarian rancour resulted in the suspension of the proposal. In Ipswich, however, progress was made quite rapidly with £1000 subscribed by June 1861, but it was not without rankled debate. On 20 August 1861, the first meeting was held to discuss the establishment of the Ipswich Grammar School, which was chaired by local Mayor John Murphy and attended by some 200 people. Although sectarian rivalries resulted in the meeting ending in chaos and brawling, and a similarly turbulent meeting was staged one week later, it was resolved at the latter gathering in favour of establishing Ipswich Grammar School by 281 votes to 199 votes.</p><br>
<p>Disgruntled Roman Catholics, who believed they were not fairly represented in a committee to facilitate the establishment of the Grammar School, subsequently withdrew their money from the fund. This caused only a minor setback and the committee was able to report it had acquired all but £40 of the necessary funds by 11 March 1862. Two weeks later, the first Trustees were elected and in April 1862 they decided to call for plans and specifications with a prize of £20 for the best submission and £10 for the second best proposal. Ultimately, Benjamin Backhouse was the only one to respond to the Trustees call and his plans were accepted after some modifications to make allowance for toilets in the School.</p><br>
<p>Backhouse was born in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, in 1829 and found early employment as a stonemason with his father before working on his own as a builder-architect. In 1852 he emigrated to Victoria, and, following a sojourn in England in 1861, he returned to Australia, where he settled in Brisbane. After winning the competition for Ipswich Grammar School, there was a dispute between Backhouse and his then business partner, Thomas Taylor, over credit for the design. It is likely, however, from Backhouse&#39;s other work, which included over 100 buildings in Queensland, that Ipswich Grammar School was his design.</p><br>
<p>The Trustees had a more enthusiastic response to a call for tenders following the acceptance of Backhouse&#39;s plans, with several replies received. With a quote of £2890, the submission of the Ipswich building firm McLaughlin & Ferguson was successful. McLaughlin & Ferguson was a relatively new business, but the partners, David McLaughlin and William Lackey Ferguson, were most likely longstanding friends who first became acquainted in their Irish hometown of Newtown in Limavardy.</p><br>
<p>By September 1863, work on Ipswich Grammar School had progressed well and it was announced in The Queensland Times that the school would:"be conducted as nearly as possible upon the plan of the best public schools of the Mother Country.... The school buildings situated on the western hill - overlooking the town of Ipswich and from that elevated position command a varied and extensive view of the surrounding country". The school became a landmark of Ipswich and a reflection of the growing importance of the town as a centre for business and industrial activity. Its opening was suitably majestic with the Queensland Governor, Sir George Bowen, presiding over the event on 25 September 1863. Within 2 weeks, the school received its first pupils and in its first 3 years student numbers steadily increased but waned in the subsequent 3 years owing to the worsening economic climate and the opening of the Brisbane Grammar School in 1869. This was a period overseen by the School&#39;s first headmaster, Stuart Hawthorne, who was born in Ireland and migrated to Australia in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Hawthorne served as headmaster until 1868 and during his time extensions to the Great Hall were carried out by McLaughlin & Ferguson in 1865 at a cost of £4500 for the buildings and £188 for the fittings. In the next 32 years, Ipswich Grammar School had just 2 principals - John Macrae from 1869 to 1875 and Donald Cameron from 1875 to 1900. Although the period from the 1870s to the turn of the century was characterized by undulating economic fortunes, it was a period that represented an era of expansion for the school with pupil numbers reaching a peak in the mid-1880s and further building improvements and ground work being carried out. In 1876, a tender of £20 was accepted for "laying down of a cricket ground and clearing the paddock". The following year, the highly esteemed architect, Francis Drummond Greville Stanley, whose work came to include the Queensland Supreme Court (no longer extant), General Post Office and Queensland National Bank building in Brisbane, was employed on the less illustrious job of designing the school&#39;s gymnasium shed as well as other additions and alterations. The work was carried out by John Farrely at a cost of £1262. In other developments around this time, water was laid on at the School in 1879 and 4 years later a gas supply was installed. The School also had a verandah added in 1890, which was built by contractors Worley & Whitehead.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century, Charles Alfred Flint became principal of the school and remained there until 1907. A covered balcony was designed in Flints first year at Ipswich Grammar School by George Brockwell Gill, who had previously worked on Ipswich Girls Grammar School and Ipswich Technical College. Gill was also employed in 1921 to design a two-storey building for the school, which became known as Bradfield House and was built by Mr Pickles at a cost of £2466. In the first year of Flints headmastership an application was also lodged with the Lands Department to sell a portion of the School grounds. The application was unsuccessful, but it was renewed some years later with approval granted in March 1910, when Bertram George Lawrance was principal. A sale was realized the following year with 2½ acres at the northeastern end of the school grounds released at a price of £851. The money raised from this sale as well as a government subsidy were used to build and equip a new science building, designed by Gill, as well as new servants quarters and a room for sick boarders in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the outbreak of the First World War, Richard Alexander Kerr became headmaster of Ipswich Grammar School and he remained there until 1945. These were obviously tumultuous and uncertain times, but the school flourished under the leadership of "The Boss" as Kerr was affectionately known. Between 1914 and 1930 student numbers more than doubled from 96 to 198, and demand for extra teaching space resulted in the construction in 1923 of 4 brick classrooms in a two-storey building on the western side of the Masters&#39; Common Room and a reconditioning of the old museum in 1930 to cater for Geography and History classes. This period also saw the laying of a sports ground, which cost a total of £1,200 and was opened on 13 June 1925. With the Great Depression of the 1930s and the outbreak of the Second World War, government spending on education was reduced and Ipswich Grammar School had no further building developments during that time.</p><br>
<p>Following the end of the Second World War, William George Henderson became headmaster of the school and was succeeded by 4 other principals to 1968. Building expansions once more became necessary as student enrolments began to increase. In 1946 a new wing was added for boarders and called The Murray Hancock Memorial Block, named after an Ipswich Grammar School Old Boy who had died in the Second World War. The following year, the War Memorial Library was opened and in 1954 a brass tablet was erected to commemorate those former students who died in the two World Wars. The pressure on accommodation caused by the increase in boarders during the 1950s resulted in the Schools dining room being enlarged and provision made for a new kitchen, laundry and ablution block. Undoubtedly the most significant building achievement in this period was the construction of a new block costing over £100,000 and designed by the architect Dr Karl Langer. The foundation stone was laid on 16 September 1961 and the building consists of 13 classrooms, 2 science demonstration rooms, 3 laboratories, offices, masters rooms, wash room, and locker area.</p><br>
<p>The 1970s was a period of growth for the School, as evidenced by the building programme of the time. In 1972, the Fox and Hancock dormitory towers were designed by Stephen Trotter and built by KD Morris & Sons. That same year the War Memorial Teaching Complex, the Earle Williams Building and headmasters&#39; residence were also constructed. Five years later, the science building that was built in 1912 was refurbished to accommodate what is currently known as the Music School and an open-air theatre was built in the School grounds. In 1978, the Earle Williams Building was extended and the following year a swimming pool, gymnasium and tennis courts were installed.</p><br>
<p>In more recent times, the School has continued to expand and that growth is reflected in its physical development. Between 1980 and 1982, the original building of 1863 was refurbished and Bradfield House was converted into accommodation by Bruce Buchanan. In 1985, Buchanan was again employed to design a new Art School, which was completed by renovating an existing war memorial boarding house. Two years later, the Clive Wyman Building (also designed by Bruce Buchanan and David Pagendam Architects in association) was opened by the then Education Minister, Lin Powell, and used to house the school&#39;s library and computer facilities. The late 1980s also saw the construction of a new $2.5 million administration facility and clock tower and in 1990 a cricket storage shed as well as a new scoreboard were erected in the school grounds.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich Grammar School remains a dominant icon on the local landscape. Its long and distinguished history is reflected not only in its physical expansion over the years but also in its mentoring of many distinguished Old Boys, including Alfred Paxton Backhouse, son of the architect who designed the school and one-time Deputy-Chancellor of Sydney University; John Job Crew Bradfield, Chief Engineer during the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and designer of the Story Bridge in Brisbane; Hugh Cornish, television executive; Sir Harry Gibbs, former High Court judge; as well as a host of representative sportsmen.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ipswich Grammar School, bounded by Woodend Road, and Burnett, Waghorn and Darling Streets, is located less than 1 km west of the town centre. The campus buildings cluster around a prominent hill overlooking much of Ipswichs central business district and surrounding suburbs. While the school largely uses Woodend Road as its back-of-house address, its sports fields and courts create a "green" buffer zone to the residences lining the other boundary streets. From various locations around the heart of Ipswich, the visitor can glimpse parts of the schools buildings nestled amid well- established trees and lawn. One particularly good vantage point is the southern section of Burnett Street. Another is situated in the area to the east around the Roman Catholic primary school and church.</p><br>
<p>The School caters for students between grades 5 and 12, and its boarder and day-pupil population numbers approximately 800. Of significance are the complex of buildings completed between 1863 and 1921, and the single-storey building (currently occupied by the music department) located in the southern vicinity of it, which began life in 1912 as the science block. These are described below.</p><br>
<h3>Main Building Complex (1863–1921)</h3><br>
<p>This complex of buildings is made of brick and stone, which was subsequently rendered and painted. Various small weatherboard-clad additions have been made to it. The main wings of the complex are in the Gothic Revival style and currently comprise classrooms, a Great Hall, towers, residential accommodation, some offices and a number of meeting rooms. Originally, its siting on an eastward-sloping incline had addressed the city centre across an intervening valley. However, the view of its impressive mixture of steeply pitched, parapeted gables, longitudinal ridgelines, and crenellated octagonal towers, has been masked by later development on the campus.</p><br>
<p>In plan the main building complex has two long, perpendicular wings meeting at the Great Hall, which is T-shaped. This corner presents a strong face to visitors on the main driveway. A parapet coping is still visible to indicate where the 1863 end to the Great Hall was situated. Against the east-facing wing, running parallel with the opposing wing, another line of building has been situated. The significant part of this wing probably began life as the gymnasium shed designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1877. A further parapet coping protrudes through the roof along this wing to indicate where the 1863 building ended. The placement of the wing creates a rectangular courtyard that is open to the west. Connected to it to the north is the Murray Hancock Complex, which has been greatly extended and altered since 1946. The original wing looks onto a treed courtyard open to the north, which is lined by part of the rear of the main building and a two-storey, partially enclosed verandah.</p><br>
<p>The facades of the two main perpendicular wings addressing the rest of the campus, feature articulated stonework around windows and capping parapets that are currently painted white. The remainder of the rendered brick is painted a light grey. The roofs throughout are corrugated galvanised iron, with ogee guttering and acroteria. Decorative soldered rainwater heads are also featured. A number of chimneystacks protrude though the roof.</p><br>
<p>On the east-facing buildings facade the Great Hall reads as an impressive notched parapeted gable that incorporates five tall, narrow triangular-headed windows. Each end of the stone parapet cap is curved before meeting a relief line from the wall and finishing parallel with the roofs pitch. The Halls gable parapet facing south is more simply capped, as are all others. It incorporates three windows identical to those in the east face. A stone course at sill height wraps around the halls exterior, as do two, lower baselines. The first and second-storey windows to the tower are square-headed. Those in the two other gables on this facade are square-headed to the ground floor and triangular-headed above.</p><br>
<p>On the southern facade, west of the tower, are located a further large parapeted gable, a single-storey section and a final smaller gable. The rendered brick two-storey structure that completes this line comprises a double-gable. This structure is Bradfield House and was designed by George Brockwell Gill in 1921. It is extended to the west by a narrow, weatherboard-clad addition. From its southern face is cantilevered a similarly clad, narrow protrusion supported by carved timber brackets. Its northern face to the courtyard is identical except that the bricks are not rendered. Its windows are square-headed, and their stone sill and keystones are clearly visible on the unrendered facade. The courtyard can be entered from the west, or via a narrow passageway through the southern facade&#39;s single-storey section.</p><br>
<p>The main building&#39;s east-facing wing consists of a similar series of stone-capped parapeted gables; however, they are smaller in scale. It features a small tower that does not sit proud of the wall as the one on the southern elevation does. Its two gables feature the same fenestration scheme used on the southern facade. Also, a bell tower-like finial projection with notched parapet cap features on this facade. Through a pointed archway, further entry can be gained to the rear of the Great Hall and the west-facing courtyard. The first storey windows on the remaining sections of this facade are square-headed, and sit at such a height in relation to the wall and steeply pitched roof that they have their own dormer roofs. This is accommodated by the cathedral ceilings on the interior. The east-facing wing is closed at its northern end with a weatherboard-clad gable addition.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard open to the west is very informal in character and is used as a lunchtime gathering place. Its rendered brick is largely undecorated with painted stone, except where it caps the gable parapets. The corrugated iron awning or verandah built in 1890 provides shelter at the courtyard&#39;s eastern end. A small single-storey building is attached to the south wall of the yard. Its brick facade is unrendered and has five windows, each with stone sill and keystone.</p><br>
<h3>Interiors of the Main Building Complex</h3><br>
<p>The internal spaces include: the Great Hall, a ground floor meeting room and entrance hall adjacent to it on the southern facade, a ground floor boardroom, and a secondary north wing. The interiors generally reflect the variations in character expressed on the facades.</p><br>
<p>The Great Hall is currently used for orchestra rehearsals and houses the schools museum display. The two parts of the T-shaped space are separated by a short flight of stairs (3 risers) and a large pointed archway. The lowest area corresponds to the large parapeted gables at the main corner where the southern and eastern facades meet. It can be accessed through an entry, with pointed arch, in the south-facing towers base. The walls are plaster applied to brick. A skirting circumnavigates the entire space. A number of timber honour boards line the walls.</p><br>
<p>The ceilings feature exposed timber rafters with single ties. The rafter ends meet timber columns fixed to the walls and bearing on a small, shaped extrusion of stone. The timber structure is stop chamfered. Secondary structural members are also featured where there is a valley or hip in the roof. Behind all this structure is a lining made up of approximately 20 cm wide jointed timber boards. All timber ceiling structure and lining is painted. Sill height throughout is approximately 2m to 2.5m depending on which part of the hall the windows are opening into. This means visual contact can only be made with the sky.</p><br>
<p>The second part of the Great Hall can be accessed via the bell tower in the eastern facade. Over a 4m length of its wall the skirting rises in a sudden break by 20 cm. The plastered wall continues below it. A number of brass-ribbed plates are fixed to the floor at regular intervals where the skirting moves up the wall. A choir stall projects above a 2.1m high section at the rear of this area. The stall is supported by carved timber brackets, and its solid balustrade features applied, polished timber decoration. A door in the base opens onto stairs leading to the level above.</p><br>
<p>Through the base of the main tower, access is gained through a pointed archway to a hallway. At the end of this space a timber stairway leads to the storey above. Its balusters and newel posts are simply turned. Off the hallway opens the Great Hall and a large meeting room as wide as the southern wing. Its walls match those in the Great Hall. Windows open at each short end of the rectangular space. There is a large fireplace and integrated mantel on the west-facing wall made of rendered/plastered brick. The ceiling is decorated with an ornate plaster rose and cornice. Above the door and fanlight opening off the hall into this room there is a patch of flaking paint or plaster. Another patch is evident on the meeting room&#39;s ceiling. The boardroom accessed from the eastern facade of the main building is smaller and has windows in only one wall. Its ceiling features a simple, double cornice and a plaster rose.</p><br>
<p>The two upper storey rooms of the secondary wing whose length faces north, feature cathedral ceilings similar to those in the Great Hall. While these rooms are spacious their scale and character does not compare to that of the Great Hall. A set of tall, narrow square-headed windows open off each room onto the informal courtyard or play area. Sill height is approximately 3m, making the spaces inward looking or internalised. The walls are painted brick. In the first room a small dormer with three triangular-headed windows opens onto the north-facing tree-lined court. In the last room to the west, a set of three square-headed windows open through the wall facing north. The western-most room can be accessed via a classroom in the newer part of the Murray Hancock Complex.</p><br>
<h3>Current Music Building</h3><br>
<p>This building is rectangular in plan, single-storeyed and has a hipped roof of corrugated galvanised iron. Its walls are rendered and painted brick in keeping with the main building complex it is adjacent to. The render is scored to create the illusion of large masonry blocks. An approximately 3.5m wide verandah is attached to the building&#39;s southern facade. It overlooks a large cricket oval separated from it and the building by a series of stepped stone retaining walls. Bounding the oval is Burnett Street.</p><br>
<p>The verandah roof meets the main building wall just under its fascia and is hipped at each end. The open edge of the verandah roof is supported by six sets of double square timber columns. The southern facade of the building features five windows, a single door at the western end, and a double one at the other. Access to the classroom level is gained through the latter, by ascending a short flight of stairs onto a landing. All the building&#39;s windows and doors are round-headed.</p><br>
<p>On each short face of the building, looking east and west, are featured three windows. On the northern facade addressing the main school complex are six windows and two doors. On this facade, at the western end, a single chimneystack is expressed. The interior consists of a single classroom whose walls and ceiling are currently lined with acoustic particleboard.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The remainder of the Schools buildings are dispersed around the campus, largely to the north, east and south. A short end of the Langer-designed classroom block is situated close to the east-facing wing of the main building complex, and stretches away from it down the natural slope of the land. The two sporting ovals face Burnett, Darling and Waghorn Streets, while the gymnasium, swimming pool and tennis courts address the northern end of Waghorn Street. The main driveway entrance is on Darling Street, where the headmasters residence is located, marked by a large stand of gum trees. Behind the house is an area of established planting, featuring a waterfall and a number of large palm trees and a Norfolk Pine. The driveway winds between the ovals and provides, to the north-west, a view of the current music building above its stepped retaining walls, and to the south-east, a view of one of the two dormitory towers.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ipswich Grammar School Buildings were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich Grammar School was opened in 1863 following the enactment of the Grammar Schools Act in 1860. It was Queenslands first secondary school and is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queenslands history, especially with regards to the development of an educational system in Queensland during a period of important pedagogical change. The history of the School is also reflective of the emergence of Ipswich during the mid-19th century as an important centre for social, cultural and industrial advancement.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The School is also important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a mid-19th century Queensland grammar school, and its evolution demonstrates key shifts in educational policy and practices as well as changes in Queensland&#39;s economic climate. The original School building was built in the early 1860s and the growth of Ipswich Grammar School over the years is reflected in its physical expansion. The original building was expanded in 1865 and further building works were carried out in 1877, 1890 and 1921. Today, the Ipswich Grammar School site is an integrated complex of buildings. Apart from the main building complex, the principal structures with heritage significance include the Music School, formerly the science block (1912); the Murray Hancock Memorial Block (1946); the Karl Langer Building (1961); and the Fox and Hancock dormitory towers (1972).</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The School&#39;s original building, designed by Benjamin Backhouse, remains a significant example of Gothic Revival architecture. It initially occupied a prominent position within the Ipswich townscape, and it remains an historical landmark with aesthetic qualities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and grounds of Ipswich Grammar School have a special association with the life and work of the trustees, headmasters, teachers, students and official visitors, many of whom held distinguished places in Queensland&#39;s history or remain prominent figures in the Queensland community.</p><br>
<p>The Sioux City Free Public Library is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The library was located in a section of the Municipal Building, no longer extant, between 1892 and 1913. It had outgrown the space when the Library Board contacted Andrew Carnegie in 1910 about providing the funding for a new library building. Their request was initially turned down. They chose to work with New York City architect Edward L. Tilton, an architect preferred by Carnegie, in place of local architect William L. Steele who was working with the board previously. Local resident George Murphy donated the property for the new building. Meanwhile, Tilton designed the two-story brick Renaissance Revival building. On April 8, 1911, Carnegie approved the project and donated $75,000 for the buildings construction. The new building was dedicated on March 6, 1913, and it is considered "an excellent early twentieth century example of the architectural development of library planning and design." It was Tiltons only building in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Plans were made to enlarge the building in 1938, but the bond issue failed. The library remained in its cramped quarters until 1989 when it moved into a former bank building downtown. Ownership of the Carnegie building was transferred to a group of investors in 1996 who transformed it into apartments. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Sioux City Public Library-North Side Branch, also known as Bruce Meyer Productions, is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The city received a total of $85,000 in 1911 from Andrew Carnegie to build the main library and the Leeds branch library. It was the only city in Iowa to receive a grant for both a main and branch library. A $100,000 bond issue passed in 1926 to replace the temporary facilities for the other branch libraries throughout the city. The North Side Branch was designed by local architect William L. Steele in the Tudor Revival style, and was completed in 1929. It was used as a branch facility until 1982 when the city closed all of the branch libraries in 1982, except the Morningside branch. A new branch library was created on the north side. The old north branch was sold to Bruce Meyer for his photography studio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Diamond A Ranch is a ranch in the upper Wind River valley of Fremont County, Wyoming. The site was first settled by John Robert McDonald, a Scottish immigrant who had a 160 acre homestead on the site in 1891. McDonald sold the property to John Williamson in 1907. Jack Williamson and his brother David were Scots as well, working as stonemasons. The Williamsons had worked in New York City, at Princeton University, at the Mormon Temple in Salt Lake City and on bridge work for the Union Pacific Railroad. In 1888 they came from Salt Lake City to Lander, where they worked on a number of projects, as well as in Rawlins and at Fort Washakie. They joined their sister Jean Williamson Sinclair at the Upper Circle Ranch near Dubois in the early 1890s. David Williamson married Annie McKenzie, a friend of his sisters who had come with her from Scotland. When Jack died of tick fever in 1916, David moved to the ranch with his family. After Davids death in 1934, his wife Annie operated the ranch until she sold it in 1969. The ranch is notable as one of several ranches established by Scottish immigrants.</p><br>
<p>The ranch includes 14 buildings of frame, log or stone construction. The main ranch house was built starting in 1903, initially in stone and later in log. Despite the professional abilities of the Williamsons, it was built by a local stonemason. Other buildings include poultry houses, an outhouse, a bunkhouse, a granary, a calf shed, a garage and the homestead cabin. There are also a number of barns and livestock sheds.</p><br>
<p>The Diamond A Ranch was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Kilu Cave is a paleoanthropological site located on Buka Island in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Kilu Cave is located at the base of a limestone cliff, 65 m from the modern coastline. With evidence for human occupation dating back to 29,000 years, Kilu Cave is the earliest known site for human occupation in the Solomon Islands archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Before the discovery of Kilu Cave in 1987, the earliest sites showing evidence for human occupation in the Solomon Islands archipelago were Lapita sites dating back to around 3,000 years old. However, archaeologists had long believed that human occupation in the Solomon Islands occurred much earlier, based on linguistic and anthropological evidence.</p><br>
<p>During the coldest part of the last Ice Age (28,000 to 18,000 years ago), Buka Island was part of a much larger island, Greater Bougainville, which connected the present-day islands of Buka, Bougainville, Shortland Islands, Choiseul, Santa Isabel and Nggela into one large, contiguous island; this large island was narrowly separated from Guadacanal. At its maximum, Greater Bougainville would have had a total land area of around 46,400 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Reaching Kilu Cave required crossing the Wallace Line, reaching the Sahul and making further sea crossings to reach Greater Bougainville. Archaeologically, the people at Greater Bougainville appeared to live in relative isolation after arriving at the island, with the isolation possibly punctuated by the external introduction of Phalanger orientalis and Canarium indicum. This relative isolation ended with the arrival of the Lapita people.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>Kilu Cave was first occupied during the Pleistocene from around 28,000 to 20,000 BP, and after a hiatus, reoccupied more intensively during the Holocene from around 9,000 to 5,000 BP. The hiatus in occupation was most likely due to changes in the sea level that left Kilu Cave far away from the coastline. Some post-Lapita Buka phase pottery was also found at Kilu Cave in its upper layers after around 2,500 BP.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The people of Kilu Cave exploited a wide range of terrestrial and marine animals for food. Most of the animal bones found at Kilu Cave were probably due to human predation. The site contains a large assemblage of shell, fish bones and terrestrial animal remains. The terrestrial animal remains came from mammals and reptiles. The mammalian remains were dominated by rodents, followed by bats. The reptilian remains came primarily from lizards, followed by snakes, with some coming from turtles and frogs. The lizard assemblage mostly came from varanids and skinks, with some coming from agamids.</p><br>
<p>The bones of both reef and pelagic fish were found at Kilu Cave. While the bulk of the fish bone remains came from reef fish, about 20% of the fish bones from the Pleistocene layer came from pelagic fish.The pelagic fish bones came from the Scombridae, Coryphaena and Carangidae families. The most commonly found fish remains at Kilu Cave came from sharks. The shell assemblage was dominated by Nerita undata and Nerita plicata.</p><br>
<p>Several extinct species were discovered at Kilu Cave. The extinction and extirpation of various bird and mammalian fauna on Baku Island appeared to coincide with the arrival of the Lapita culture.</p><br>
<p>77 bird bones were recovered from the site. The bones came from 18 different species of landbirds, 7 of which are unspecified or now extinct and 11 of which are now extirpated from Buka Island.</p><br>
<p>Five species of rat endemic to the Solomon Islands were identified. Two new species of rat, Solomys spriggsarum and Melomys spechti, were identified from fossil remains at Kilu Cave.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeobotany</h2><br>
<p>Kilu Cave is currently the only site in Melanesia with evidence for plant use by the initial inhabitants of the region. The presence of taro starch grains were discovered on 17 of the lithic tools from the Pleistocene layer at Kilu Cave. Two types of taro were discovered at Kilu Cave, Colocasia and Alocasia, with 14 tools identified with the former and 3 with the latter. The people of Kilu Cave also appeared to have used galip nut (Canarium: Canarium indicum and Canarium solomonense) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) as resources.</p><br>
<h2>Artefacts</h2><br>
<p>The artefact assemblage at Kilu Cave consists primarily of simple flaked tools made from quartz, calcite, chert and</p><br>
<p>volcanic rock. 204 such artefacts were discovered at the site; most of these lithic artefacts came from the Pleistocene layer. Shell artefacts were also recovered from the site. Shell artefacts made from Turbo marmoratus were found in the Pleistocene layer, while shell artefacts made from Terebralia palustris and Tridacna were found in the Holocene layer. Perforated shark teeth were also found in the Holocene layer. 44 pottery sherds were discovered in the upper layers of the site and typed to the Buka phase of the Lapita culture.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Revell House, also known as the Hutchinson-Revell House, in Burlington, New Jersey, is the oldest building in Burlington County and one of the oldest residences in New Jersey. It was constructed in 1685 by George Hutchinson, a wealthy Quaker distiller, and sold to Thomas Revell who used it as offices from 1696 to 1699. Originally located at 8 East Pearl Street the building was relocated to 213 Wood Street in 1966. According to tradition Benjamin Franklin was sold gingerbread and given supper by a friendly Burlington woman on his way to Philadelphia and is therefore sometimes referred to as the Gingerbread House. It is a contributing property of the Burlington Historic District bounded by the Delaware River and High, West Broad, Talbot, and Reed Streets listed March 3, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Fairbanks House is a historic house at 357 Western Avenue in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. It was built in 1860 for Franklin Fairbanks, a prominent local businessman and philanthropist. The house is an excellent example of Italianate architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Franklin Fairbanks House stands west of downtown St. Johnsbury, on the south side of Western Avenue (United States Route 2), between the Fairbanks Inn and the St. Johnsbury School. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboarded exterior, and brick foundation. It has a basic T-shaped layout, with gabled projections to both sides, with its main facade oriented facing east. It has high-style Italianate decorative features, including roof dormers with finials, a bracketed cornice, polygonal window bays, and a porch with chamfered posts. A carriage barn is attached at the southern end.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1860 for Franklin Fairbanks, then a principal in the E. & T. Fairbanks Scale Company, whose factory complex was located roughly between the house and the Passumpsic River. The house is a close implementation of Plate 21 of Villas and Cottages, a design pattern book published by Calvert Vaux. Fairbanks is remembered locally for his philanthropy, which notably includes the founding of the Fairbanks Museum. The factory complex was destroyed by fire in 1972; Fairbanks&#39; house, which he occupied until 1872, has been converted for use as professional offices.</p><br>
<p>Jieyang Tower, is a Han style building located in Jieyang city, Guangdong Province, China. It is constructed according to the theme of the lotus on the water and the waterside city of south of the Five Ridges. It is planned to show the history and the urban plan of Jieyang, so it has become a landmark of Jieyang. Now, it is a famous tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>This page is going to introduce Jieyang Tower from the aspects of basic information, history, reasons of its construction, constituent parts and culture implication.</p><br>
<h2>Basic Information</h2><br>
<p>The table above is the basic information of Jieyang Tower.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient Jieyang Tower was built in the Tang dynasty, located in Chaozhou city, Guangdong province. At that time, many poets like Han Yu and Mei Yaocheng had written some poetry about it. However, as time went by, the ancient Jieyang Tower became ruins. In 2010, the government decided to rebuild it in Jieyang city. After hearing this news, an entrepreneur called Huang Changran(黄畅然) donated 15 millions RMB to its reestablishment.</p><br>
<h2>Reasons for its reestablishment</h2><br>
<p>To meet citizens requirement. With the development of Jieyang city, its institution becomes more and more complete, and its appearance has changed a lot, and its characteristics are more and more obvious, so strengthen the public buildings and culture have become citizens requirement.</p><br>
<p>To increase cohesion. Jieyang&#39;s area is 5240 square kilometers, and its population is about 6 million, such a big area and a large population require a common thing to make the citizens hold together, so the government officials decided to mobilize citizens to build a public building together.</p><br>
<p>To enrich Jieyangs urban landscape. As is mentioned above, the citys appearance has changed a lot and is forming its characteristics gradually. A light spot will be added to the city by constructing a building with a long history and profound culture, and the feature of this city will be more obvious.</p><br>
<p>To create a more active cultural atmosphere. There should be a public place for citizens to hold some cultural activities in a modern city. Jieyang is becoming a modern city and lots of special folk art exists. A public place like a square to show the special folk art is needed, so Jieyang Tower is planned to build to create a more active cultural atmosphere.</p><br>
<h2>Constituent parts</h2><br>
<h3>Jieyang Tower Square</h3><br>
<p>Jieyang Tower Square, also named Treasure Tripod Square or Prosperity Square, stands for the whole attraction. There is a huge liparite in the front of the square. It weighs 136 tons and comes from Mount Tai. It shows Jieyang is open and compatible. The square is surrounded by 12 polycarpa trees, 9 cultural columns and 8 separate cultural walls. These trees provide shady places for visitors and make a contribution to the environment. All of these columns are 9.8 meters high, with a diameter of 1.6 meters. They are covered with embossment of sun, moon, water, fire and people. The arc-shaped arrangement of these columns implicates the theory that man is an integral part of nature. The cultural walls around the square are covered with embossment of the top 8 famous attractions in Jieyang.</p><br>
<p>The embossment on the columns and walls shows some famous places,famous legends, or the creation of Jieyang. Also, it reflects the sculpture technique of Jieyang. There is a big painting of a lotus on the floor of the square, which embodies the theme of the lotus on the water.</p><br>
<h3>A bronze tripod</h3><br>
<p>A bronze tripod is in the back of the square but in front of the Gate Tower. It is 9.99 meter high and weights 58 tons. It is said that this bronze tripod is the biggest and heaviest one in the world. The figure 9.99 sounds like permanent existence in Chinese. This tripod embodies Jieyang&#39;s permanent existence and lasting political stability.</p><br>
<h3>Han Style Gate Tower</h3><br>
<p>The Han style gate tower is in the east of the square. It is surrounded by a river called Hu Cheng He（护城河. The river separates the Gate Tower from the outside world, which is said to protect the Gate Tower. Also, this arrangement reflects the theme of the waterside city of south of the Five Ridges. The southwest of the Gate Tower is a stone tablet called Taihe（太和碑）on which is an article telling the basic information of Jieyang Tower, Jieyang city as well as the spirit of people in Jieyang. This Gate Tower was built in a Han style. It is 38 meters high and contains 5 storeys. Inside the Gate Tower are a series of museums showing the history of all the periods, architectural styles and folkways of Jieyang.</p><br>
<h2>Culture implication</h2><br>
<p>Symbolizes the renaissance of Jieyang culture. Jieyang has been written in the poems since the Tang dynasty and Jieyang Tower was built in Tang dynasty in Chaozhou, but Jieyang culture has gradually been ruined. Now Jieyang city has been established for many years and its economy is developing. However, the history and culture of Jieyang have not been paid attention to. As a result, the reconstruction of Jieyang Tower which is full of Jieyang history and culture symbolizes the renaissance of Jieyang culture. It means people in Jieyang begin to treasure and protect Jieyang culture.</p><br>
<p>Implicates the spirit of generosity and gratitude of Jieyang people. To some extent, the successful reestablishment of Jieyang Tower is owed to the donation of Jieyang&#39;s entrepreneur. At the same time, it educates people to cultivate the spirit of generosity and gratitude.</p><br>
<p>Attract more literati to make a contribution to Jieyang culture. After the reconstruction was finished, Jieyang Tower appealed to some famous Chinese people like Chen Shaoci（陈少慈） who wrote down a couplet hung on the columns of a hall. It may be possible that Jieyang Tower will be as famous as other ancient towers in China in the future.</p><br>
<p>DaWu Mountain, is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Xinyi in Guangdong province, China. The tallest peak is the Datian Peak, as the tallest peak in the west of Guangdong province, which is commonly reported as 1703.8 metres  tall.</p><br>
<p>DaWu Mountain is associated with the Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, which was declared set up as municipal natural reserve by Xinyi Government in 1994, promoted as provincial natural reserve.It is famous for its rich plant resources and beautiful scenery.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The area is located in southwest Guangdong,just north of the city of Xinyi and to the south of the city of Gaozhou, located at 22°14′N to 22°17′N and 118°8′E to 111°15′E. It extends from 800 to 1704 metres (2,624 to 5,588 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 3534 hectares (35.3 sq mi) at its base. The Datian Peak is 1703.8 metres(5,588 ft), the second tallest peak reaches 1423 metres(4,667 ft).</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The climate is warm and humid. The area is natural boundary in tropic and subtropics of South China.The yearly average temperature is between 17 ℃ to 18 ℃, the annual precipitation is between 2300 mm to 2600 mm and the annual average relative humidity is about 85%.</p><br>
<h2>Natural resources</h2><br>
<p>The area is between the tropical zone and the subtropical zone, is a transitional zone with distribution of various flora in south China. With superior natural condition,the Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, as one of the most well-preserved natural ecological system in southwest Guangdong, abounds in animal and plant resources, including a wild range of rare species, and has contained tremendous economic plant resources.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>The forest coverage this area is about 98%, which plant resources are rich and there are 195 families, 703 genera and 1453 species of wild higher plants in which 20 species are under national protection and 3 species under provincial protection.Medicinal plants over 500 species and include gynostemma pentaphyllum, Paris polyphylla, dysosma versipellis and Dendrobium nobile, which are renowned throughout the country. Some trees are very old and famous, notably the Han Dynasty Cypresses (planted 2,100 years ago by Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty), Welcoming Guest Pine (500 years old) and Fifth Rank Pine (named by Emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty and replanted some 250 years ago).</p><br>
<h3>Rare animals</h3><br>
<p>Among them,the first class protected animals leopard,Elliot&#39;s pheasant,yellows bellied pheasant,monitor lizard,boa,the second class protected animals Crested Serpent Eagle,Palea steindachneri,rana tigerina,giant salamander,pangolin,rasse,golden cat.</p><br>
<h2>Natural landscape</h2><br>
<p>The area is 38 kilometers far from the downtown of XinYi city. It is one of eight scenic spots of XinYi. Because of the southeast side of it is influenced by the Pacific climate, in addition it has big amplitude of temperature changes, so that the clouds and mist drift through the mountains, providing tourists the wonderful sights to appreciate.</p><br>
<h2>Local legend</h2><br>
<p>At the ancient times, it was a tremendous jade called south jade that in the bottom of the lake. It was said that people who bathed in that lake would have bright white skin. So there were seven fairies from the welkin spending a whole day for bathing in that lake on midsummer every year. One year, a cow boy who gazed his cattle and horses near the lake and then peeped the sight of bathing by those fairies. After one of those fairies called Scarlet who found that they had been peeped by that cowboy, she breathed on the lake surface, leading to make the mountain surrounded by wind and fog so that the cowboy was not able to see them at all, which is the reason of the name of DaWu mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Winooski Block is a historic commercial building at 1 through 17 East Allen Street  in downtown Winooski, Vermont. Built in 1867, it is the only major building to survive the city&#39;s urban renewal activities of the 1970s, and is a fine example of post-Civil War commercial architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Winooski Block is prominently situated in downtown Winooski, on the north side of East Allen Street facing Rotary Park to the south. It occupies most of a city block bounded by East Allen and Main Streets, and Newell&#39;s and Weaver Lanes. It is three stories in height, eighteen window bays wide and six deep, and is built out of red brick. It is covered by a flat roof with an elaborate projecting cornice. Windows on the upper floors are set in rectangular openings with cast iron sills and lintel caps. The ground floor storefronts have largely been modernized, although some period details remain.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1867, during a post-Civil War building boom in the city. It was designed by Warren Thayer, an architect based in Burlington, for three merchants whose retail establishments occupied its ground floor. The third floor housed a large meeting space that was used for a variety of social purposes, including religious services, musical groups, and film screenings. Currently, there are 24 apartments in the block, with eight each (four on each floor) in the addresses of 3, 11 and 15.</p><br>
<p>The Sioux City Fire Station Number 3, also known as the Firehouse Bar, is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The city&#39;s fire department began when a group of volunteers formed the Fire Protection Organization in 1869. It was formally organized in 1876. This building was completed in 1929, and replaced an older structure from around 1884. Station Number 3 served an area that mostly contained commercial buildings on the east side of downtown and a warehouse district along the Floyd River. It served as the fire department headquarters for a short time when Station Number 1 was abandoned. It long served as a training station, and a wooden training tower was located here from at least 1924 and into the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The building itself followed the "storefront" model for a fire station where the apparatus was housed on the main floor and living quaraters above. It features basket weave brick panels and concrete ornamentation for the pilaster bases and capstones, banding, and parapet. The building is similar to Station Number 7 that was built in the Leeds neighborhood in 1937. That suggests the same architect, who is unknown, but local lore suggests William L. Steele may be the architect. A design for Fire Station Number 1 from 1922 is attributed to him, although never built, and is similar to the two stations that were built. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008, and now houses a bar.</p><br>
<p>The Lander Downtown Historic District comprises the commercial core of Lander, Wyoming. The district includes 16 buildings listed as contributing to the historic district, including a series of commercial buildings, the Noble Hotel, the grand Theatre and the Stockgrower&#39;s Bar. The Federal Building is included, and is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places as well. Most date between 1890 and 1910. Most earlier buildings burned or were torn down and replaced by more permanent masonry structures.By 1910 an oil boom had begun in central Wyoming, providing an incentive to build substantial buildings. The district comprises most of the north side of Main Street between Second Street and Fourth Street, with three properties on the south side and one facing Lincoln Street at Third Street.</p><br>
<p>The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 5, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Quien Sabe Ranch is a ranch in Fremont County, Wyoming, about 18 mi northwest of Shoshoni. The ranch structures date to the 1880s, part of a ranching operation established around 1883 by three English immigrants: Harry Jevons, Richard Ashworth and Richard Berry. The ranch centered on an area next to Hoodoo Creek. At first the ranch was called Hoodoo ranch, but after an altercation with Mexican caballeros who lived in the neighborhood the ranch became known as "Quien Sabe"  for the evasive answers given by the Mexicans to the English ranchers.After a series of transactions between the partners the property was deeded to Ashworth by Jevons to secure a $4747.62 loan. Jevons killed himself after losing his money gambling in Meeteetse.</p><br>
<p>The main building is the log ranchhouse, measuring 57 ft by 17.5 ft. The low-pitched roof is waterproofed with bentonite clay. Other buildings include a bunkhouse, an icehouse, a blacksmith shop and a dugout.</p><br>
<p>The ranch is associated in oral tradition with Butch Cassidy, who was supposed to have had an interest in the land in the 1890s, but no records apart from an account by Cassidy&#39;s sister Lulu Paker Betensen attest to this. The ranch was acquired by Emil Thoren in 1907, whose family kept it through much of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Quien Sabe Ranch was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 18, 1991.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels Mission is an Episcopal church mission established about 1887 in Fremont County, Wyoming to minister to the Arapaho and Shoshone of the Wind River Indian Reservation. It was founded by Reverend John Roberts with the permission of Shoshone Chief Washakie. The community of Ethete grew around the mission, given its name by Washakies assent in the Shoshone language, ethete . In 1900 a small log church was built about 3 mi from the present location. In 1910 the mission received an endowment from Mrs. Baird Cooper and the new site was developed over the next seven years. In 1920 the original church was moved to the mission, enlarged, and named "The Church of Our Father&#39;s House.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are arranged around an oval at the center of Ethete. The log church is accompanied by several frame buildings including a former schoolhouse, residences and a cultural center. The mission was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Torrey Lake Club or Torrey Lake Ranch, also known as the Boardman Ranch or Murdock Ranch was built as a resort in the 1920s about 8 mi southeast of Dubois, Wyoming. at an elevation of about 7,400 ft.The club is on about 603 acre, centered on a complex of nine cabins, a bunkhouse for ranch hands and staff, and supporting structures. The log cabins were built by club members from local materials.</p><br>
<p>The club was established by Oklahoma businessman John R. Boardman, who came to the area in 1901 with family and friends. In 1915 Boardman bought property on Torrey Lake and homesteaded it in 1921. That year he and two partners formed the Torrey Lake Club as a resort for friends. In 1926 the club became the Torrey Lake Ranch, a working ranch on 3,000 acre owned by Boardman and partner Charles Brown Voorhis. In 1938 during the Great Depression Boardman and Voorhis divided the property between them. The area containing club structures was on Voorhis&#39;s portion of the ranch. The Voorhis property was sold in 1944, while the Boardman section remains in the Boardman family. The property remains a working cattle ranch.</p><br>
<p>The club area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Romito cave .</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Grotta del Romito was discovered by Agostino Miglio, then director of the Town Museum in Castrovillari in spring of 1961, who had received curious information from several local people. Excavations started in the summer of 1962 under the direction of Paolo Graziosi of the University of Florence. The Archaeological Park contains a small museum, that presents the documentation and ongoing research.</p><br>
<p>The site consists of two distinct areas: an outer former rock shelter or overhang with a length of 34 m and the inner cave, embedded into the limestone formation with a length of 20 m and accessible via a narrow tunnel. The interior is graced with a number of curiously shaped speleothems and prehistoric graffiti.</p><br>
<h3>Stratigraphy</h3><br>
<p>Excavations in an enlarged trench performed in 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2007 exposed a long sequence of strata, that forms seven main archaeological units (A–N) with episodes of intensive human occupation. The succession ranges from the Middle and Late Gravettian (units L-I-H-G) to the Early Epigravettian (unit F), Middle Epigravettian (lower unit E) and Late Epigravettian (upper unit E and units D-C-B). These cultural stages occurred between 26,000 and 10,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Deposits near the entrance are about 8 m thick and consist of clastic sediments. Palaeolithic deposits, up to 6 m thick, underlie the middle Holocene layers, around 2 m thick and contain Middle and Late Neolithic pottery. Locally derived rock blocks up to 4 m in size rest on the talus slope in front of, and below, the entrance, indicating that there was originally an overhang that later collapsed.</p><br>
<p>Deposits of human occupation contain numerous bones and stone tools, rounded out of size-exogenous pebbles and abundant charcoal detritus which is related to fireplaces. About fifty discovered pottery shards are evidence for occupation of the cave during the Neolithic/Iron Age transition.</p><br>
<h3>Rock engravings</h3><br>
<p>The bull, an Aurochs (Bos primigenius) is about 1.2 m long located at the mouth of the cave to the west and is engraved on three different levels of profiles. The stylistic scope is characteristic of the Mediterranean and the design of perfect proportions. The feeling of force transmitted from the overall design of the figure and the careful handling of the anatomical details amounts to highest expression of Paleolithic realism in the region. In front of the rock another bovine figure has been cut, much more subtly, showing only the chest, head and part of the back. On the opposite end of the shelter sits another engraved boulder, covered with numerous linear signs. Both engraving are dated to between 14,000 and 12,000 BP.</p><br>
<h3>Obsidian tools</h3><br>
<p>The presence of large quantities of obsidian in a Neolithic layer suggests that the site was an intermediate base for the obsidian trade - that originated in the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea to be transferred to the Adriatic Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>During the first excavations three graves were found, 9.200 years old and each containing a couple of human beings, placed in epipaleolithic layers. One grave was found inside the cave, the other two underneath the adjacent rock shelter near the bull-engraved stone. Specimen were named Romito 1 - 6 and all were between 15 and 25 years old and not taller than 1.5 m.</p><br>
<p>P. Graziosi discovered the diminutive remains of Romito 2 that turned out to be the earliest known case of dwarfism in the human skeletal record. The specimen, known as Romito 2, exhibits features typical of acromesomelic dysplasia. Romito 2 was characterized by unusually short forearms and lower legs, resulting in a rather short stature. Abnormal cartilage and bone development also affected other bones of the body, particularly those of the hands and feet. There was likely a limited extension of the elbows and arms and progressively abnormal curvature of the spine.</p><br>
<p>Besides providing evidence for a greater antiquity of dwarfism than previously known, the fact that this individual reached late adolescence attests to tolerance of Upper Paleolithic groups for severely abnormal individuals and their ability to support members who were of limited economic value to the social group.</p><br>
<p>To date, nine intact, well preserved burials have been recovered from stratigraphic layers dating from ca. 18,000 to 11,000 BP, the majority of burials corresponding to a period of climatic amelioration from ca. 15,000 to 13,000 cal BP (Final Epigravettian).</p><br>
<p>The Kentucky War Memorial in Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky, is a monument dedicated to fallen Kentucky officer who perished in American wars of the 19th century. On February 25, 1848, an act passed by the state legislature appropriated $15,000 for its construction. The 65-foot-tall granite monument, topped by a statue of Victory, was unveiled in 1850.</p><br>
<p>The monument is situated on the cemeterys "State Mound," and was erected to stand over the graves of 17 Kentucky soldiers who had fallen at the Battle of Buena Vista. Their interment in Frankfort Cemetery on July 20, 1847 was marked by a eulogy from John C. Breckinridge, a supporter of the war. According to a popular story, this mass funeral inspired Mexican-War veteran, Theordore OHara, to pen his famed poem, "Bivouac of the Dead". However, O&#39;Hara was still with the army in Mexico in July 1848.</p><br>
<h2>Inscriptions</h2><br>
<h3>South side</h3><br>
<p>The south side of the monument features the coat of arms of Kentucky and the state motto, "United we stand; divided we fall."</p><br>
<p>This side is inscribed with the names of those officers killed at St. Clairs Defeat, Estills Defeat, Tippecanoe, Fort Meigs, and Blue Licks.</p><br>
<h3>North side</h3><br>
<p>The north side of the monument is inscribed with the names of those officers killed at Boonesborough, Harmans Defeat, Waynes Campaign, the River Raisin Massacre, and during the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<h3>West side</h3><br>
<p>The west side of the monument is inscribed with the names of those officers killed at Thames, the River Raisin Massacre, at Little Bighorn, and during the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<h3>East side</h3><br>
<p>The east side of the monument is inscribed with the names of three Kentucky naval officers who drowned during the early 1870s: John Gunnell Talbot, Hugh McKee, and Alfred Foree.</p><br>
<p>The Groenland  is a small mountain range in the Western Cape, South Africa, and forms part of the Cape Fold Belt.</p><br>
<h2>Location and geography</h2><br>
<p>The Groenland mountains run from east to west. They lie between the Hottentots Holland mountains to the west, and the Houwhoek mountains to the south-east. They thus form the northern boundary of the Elgin valley.</p><br>
<p>They are located between the towns of Grabouw in the south-west, and Villiersdorp in the north-east. These towns are linked by the Viljoen&#39;s Pass (named after local farmer Antonie Viljoen), part of the R321 road which cuts through the Groenland mountains at the point where the Palmiet River flows. The range is primarily composed of Table Mountain Sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-colonial history</h3><br>
<p>The mountain and its surrounding areas were originally the homeland of the indigenous Chainouqua Khoi people (also spelled as Chainoqua), who inhabited a large area on either side of the Hottentots Holland mountains. Under the leadership of their Chiefs - such as Soeswa, and later "Klaas" Dorha - the Chainoqua attempted to resist the expansion of European colonists into Chainoqua territory.</p><br>
<p>However the region ultimately fell under European control, and the Chainoqua were displaced from their land, which was divided into farms for European colonists.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial era</h3><br>
<p>The name "Groenland" was given by early European colonists to both the mountains, and to the surrounding area. Meaning "Greenland" in Dutch, it refers to the lush green vegetation of the mountain and its surrounds (Although the name is also the Dutch language term for the island of Greenland in the north Atlantic, the two toponyms were coined independently of each other). The original indigenous Chainoqua names for the area&#39;s landforms are unfortunately not well recorded.</p><br>
<p>The low-lying region to the south, acquired the name "Elgin", after its historic railway station. The station name in turn originally came from the name of a young locally-born girl, Elgine Herold, who was tragically killed by snake-bite in the 1800s near the spot where the current station stands. The grieving father and community named the whole area in her memory, and through a series of events, her name came to be memorialised in the name of both the station, and the whole valley. The Elgin area had formerly also held other names, such as "Koffiekraal" or sometimes as "Grietjiesgat", and was also known as "Groenland" during parts of the early Dutch and British colonial era. However these names fell out of usage.</p><br>
<h3>Modern naming</h3><br>
<p>By compromise, both names - Groenland and Elgin - came to be preserved. Avoiding further confusion, the term "Groenland" was kept for the high and mountainous area to the north, while the term "Elgin" remained for the low-lying valley region to the south.</p><br>
<p>The mountains are located within the modern Theewaterskloof Local Municipality, in the far west of the greater Overberg District Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The "Groenlandberg Conservancy" was established in 1994 in the Groenland mountains, and takes its name from the Afrikaans version of the mountain range&#39;s name.</p><br>
<p>Other initiatives named after these mountains include the "Green Mountain Eco Route".</p><br>
<p>Lastarria is a volcano that lies on the border between Chile and Argentina. It is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four segments of the volcanic arc of the Andes. Several volcanoes are located in this chain of volcanoes, which is formed by subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate.</p><br>
<p>Lastarria is formed by two volcanic edifices and one subsidiary lava flow field. There is no recorded eruptive activity, but the volcano displays vigorous fumarolic activity. It is located on top of older volcanic rocks and features both andesite and dacite.</p><br>
<p>Lastarria has produced a large landslide deposit as well as flows of molten sulfur. A progressive uplift of the terrain around Lastarria and farther south has been recognized.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>Lastarria is situated in the Central Andes, in the Antofagasta Region of Chile, and straddles the border with Argentina. The city of Antofagasta lies 250 km northwest of Lastarria. The area of the Central Andes is difficult to access and its volcanoes are usually poorly monitored. There are no human populations within 150 km of Lastarria. From the former Catalina railway station 120 km west, an unpaved road leads to Lastarria.</p><br>
<p>Lastarria is part of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone, which extends over 1,500 km from Peru to Chile. Over 1,000 volcanic edifices have been identified in this zone, of which about 50 volcanoes are active or potentially active, with many exceeding 6,000 m in altitude. In addition, the zone features 18 monogenetic volcanoes and about 6 caldera/ignimbrite systems.</p><br>
<h3>Edifice proper</h3><br>
<p>Lastarria is formed by two coalesced edifices, the main cone and the older South Spur (Espolón Sur), which are joined at an altitude of about 5,500 m and form a 10 km long ridge. The main cone comprises lava domes, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and scoria, with most of the volcano covered by pyroclastic material, some of which extends to the southeastern margin of the Salar de Aguas Calientes. Lava flows are exposed mainly on the northwestern slope, where they reach thicknesses of 40 m. The South Spur has also generated lava flows. The volcano covers a surface area of about 156 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Five overlapping craters are aligned in a north-south line on Lastarria&#39;s main cone. Volcanic activity has migrated north during the history of Lastarria, and the most recent eruption products are found on the northern and western slopes. A lava dome sits on the northernmost crater rim. The South Spur has two craters.</p><br>
<p>The volcano rises from a terrain of about 4,200 m altitude and has fairly steep slopes. Much of the surface, including the Southern Spur, is covered by deposits left by ash fall. Some parts of the Southern Spur display evidence of hydrothermal alteration. The total volume of the edifice is about 10.1 km3.</p><br>
<p>The Negriales del Lastarria (also known as Big Joe) lava flow complex lies southwest of the Lastarria volcano and covers an extensive surface. It is formed by several massive flows erupted from a single vent during three or eight pulses; the longest reaches a length of 10 km. These lavas are block lavas with flow ridges and levees. The total volume of the lava field is about 5.4 km3.</p><br>
<p>Neighbouring mountains include the 4,709 m high Cerro Bayo northwest and the 5,214 m high Cerro Piramide close to Negriales de Lastarria in the southwest. Almost due north of Lastarria lies the Laguna de la Azufrera, which may be a source of water for the fumarolic system. Water levels in the lake were higher in the past, as evidenced by two recognizable shorelines.</p><br>
<h3>Landslide scar</h3><br>
<p>A major sector collapse occurred on Lastarria&#39;s southeastern flank, leaving a clearly defined north-south scarp in the volcano that opens to the east-southeast. On the northern side, this scarp is 65 m high; it becomes less pronounced at its southern end. The highest point of the scarp lies at an altitude of 5,575 m.</p><br>
<p>The debris avalanche deposit is 8 km long and well preserved. After exiting the collapse scar over its northern opening, it overrode an older scoria cone before coming to rest. The slide, bordered by levee-like structures reaching a height of 20 m, formed 500 m wide and 40 m high lobes. Unlike many debris avalanche deposits, the Lastarria debris avalanche lacks large blocks and has only a few hummocks. The velocity of the avalanche has been estimated to have been over 84 m/s, a fairly high velocity for a volcanic debris avalanche. It is possible that air was entrained in the debris, which thus assumed properties similar to an ignimbrite.</p><br>
<p>The avalanche deposit consists mostly of loose material such as ash, lapilli, pumice, with only a few lithic blocks. This loose consistency may explain the lack of megablocks. Its total volume is about 0.091 km3, less than the volume of the Mount St. Helens and Socompa deposits. It is comparable to the volume of the landslide that the Ancash earthquake triggered on Huascarán in Peru in 1970, resulting in more than 20,000 fatalities. Evidence points to previous flank collapses at Lastarria.</p><br>
<h3>Sulfur</h3><br>
<p>The fumaroles on Lastarria have created widespread deposits of sulfur. The sulfur has also formed flows, of which the two largest are 350 m and 250 m long. The longer flow is partly buried by the shorter one and has already lost part of its surface structure. No vents have been found; sulfur flows appear to emerge from the fumarolic terrain. One andesite lava flow has generated several subsidiary sulfur flows that resemble pahoehoe flows and have widths of 1 to 2.5 m. It is likely that sulfur deposited by fumaroles formed such flows. Some fumaroles currently release centimetre-long sulfur flows. Flows of sulfur are highly fragile constructs that can easily be destroyed.</p><br>
<p>The conditions surrounding the emplacement of the sulfur have caused the sulfur to assume various colours, including black, brown-orange, orange, red, yellow, and yellow-orange. These colours vary along the length of the flows and between various flows, indicating that temperatures varied between one flow and another. Liquid sulfur has different viscosity and rheomorphic properties at different temperatures, and some variation occurred at Lastarria&#39;s flows as well.</p><br>
<p>Such sulfur flows are rare on Earth; they may be more common on the Jupiter moon Io. On Earth, they have been found at Kawah Ijen in Indonesia, Mount Iō (Shiretoko) in Japan, Mauna Loa on Hawaii, Momotombo in Nicaragua, and Sierra Negra on the Galapagos Islands.</p><br>
<h3>Internal structure</h3><br>
<p>The internal structure of a volcano can be visualized with a technique known as seismic wave tomography. An inverted funnel-shaped low velocity anomaly with a width of 4 by extends to a depth of 1 km beneath the volcano and appears to be associated with areas of high fumarolic activity; it may be the hydrothermal system. An even stronger anomaly at depths of 3 to 6 km may be the magma chamber of the volcano and an associated fluid-filled system. Magnetotelluric imaging showed structures similar to those revealed using seismic imaging.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Volcanism in the Andes occurs in four distinct regions: the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone, and the Austral Volcanic Zone. All but the last are geographically associated with the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate; the Austral Volcanic Zone involves the subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South American Plate.</p><br>
<p>Magmatic processes important in the Central Andes include the partial melting of the subducting plate and its sediments and of mantle peridotite, and fractional crystallization in the crust. Large scale assimilation of the crust has not been reported at Lastarria.</p><br>
<p>The earliest volcanic activity on the west coast of South America goes back to the Jurassic, when the South Atlantic started to open. During the late Cenozoic, a volcanic chain was formed on top of Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks and reached a width of 100 to 150 km in the area of Lastarria. This volcanism began 25million years ago, and the rocks are mostly acidic rocks.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Lastarria is located on a basement formed by andesite–dacite volcanic rocks in the form of ignimbrites, lava flows, and lava domes. They are of Miocene to Pleistocene age.</p><br>
<p>Lastarria and Cordón del Azufre form a group of volcanoes on the Altiplano, on the border between Chile and Argentina. They were active during the Quaternary. Lastarria and Cordón del Azufre, together with some more local volcanic centres, may be part of a larger silicic volcanic complex that has not yet formed a caldera. This complex is characterized by a 500 m high doming with a central depression.</p><br>
<p>A major crustal lineament known as the Archibarca lineament intersects the main volcanic arc at Lastarria. Other volcanic centres such as Galán and ore deposits are also found on this lineament. The intersection between this lineament and the arc may act as a weakness zone that focuses the ascent of magma. Farther south lie volcanoes such as Wheelwright Caldera and Cerro Blanco, the last of which shows evidence of recent unrest.</p><br>
<h3>Geologic record</h3><br>
<p>The Altiplano started to form during the Eocene, when subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate caused compression along the plate margin. Strong volcanism and tectonic uplift occurred between 15and 20million years ago.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Lastarria is composed of andesite–dacite, both rich in potassium and characteristic of calc-alkaline magmas of the Central Volcanic Zone. The appearance of Lastarria lavas is porphyritic. Some rocks display "banding" features, implicating the mixing of different magmas during their formation.</p><br>
<p>Phenocrysts include plagioclase in andesite with smaller amounts of amphibole, biotite, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene. Apatite and zircon form accessory minerals. Dacites have similar composition but also contain hornblende. Olivine is found in the andesites and quartz in the dacites.</p><br>
<p>Some chemical differences exist among the Negriales rocks, the Lastarria lavas, and the Lastarria pyroclastics. The Negriales rocks are the richest in silicon dioxide, and their trace element composition sharply diverges as well. The Negriales rocks may originate from parental magmas that are different from the main Lastarria magmas.</p><br>
<p>The petrogenesis of Lastarria rocks, like those of other volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone, involves the prolonged interaction with crustal rocks in magma chambers as well as the fractionation of certain minerals. Enriched lower crust and upper mantle might also contribute. Finally, the mixing of magma chamber contents with new and more mafic magma shortly before each eruption played an important role in rock genesis. In the case of Lastarria, this mixing occurs in a stratified magma chamber, with active convection occurring between lighter and colder upper contents and hotter and denser lower contents.</p><br>
<p>A number of alteration products are also present, some of which have been visualized by aerial imagery. Fumarole deposits contain encrustations and sublimates.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Lastarria has a montane climate characterized by extreme aridity as it is located at the intersection between the summer rain region of the Altiplano and the Atacama Desert. Temperatures of -11 &deg;F have been recorded on Lastarria.</p><br>
<p>Low bush vegetation exists in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>The South Spur edifice is the oldest structure found at Lastarria. The Negriales lava field formed later. The five craters of Lastarria proper formed in five different stages. An alternative view holds that Negriales formed before the South Spur, and that the main edifice formed in ten different stages. Block-and-ash flows, hot avalanches, lava domes, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows have all been involved in the activity of Lastarria. Most deposits on the northern slopes were erupted during the last two stages, with the exception of several exposures of the older stages on the northwestern flank and the western "pink pyroclastic flow" deposit. Overall, later and Holocene activity at Lastarria was highly explosive, unlike the more effusive earlier eruptions including the Negriales eruptions.</p><br>
<p>Potassium–argon dating of Lastarria has yielded ages of 600,000 ± 300,000 and less than 300,000 years ago. The older date refers to the Negriales lava field, which has also been dated at 400,000116,000 ± 26,000 years ago. The South Spur is dated at 150,000 ± 50,000 years ago. The main edifice started forming 260,000 ± 20,000 years ago. One andesite lava flow was dated at 51,000 ± 13,000 years ago by argon–argon dating.</p><br>
<p>The lava dome on the northernmost crater rim is the youngest vent of Lastarria. The youngest dated deposit is 2,460 ± 50/60 years old, but at least one younger pyroclastic flow is present. No historical eruptions are known.</p><br>
<p>Noticeable thermal hotspots are visible from ASTER imagery and are associated with the fumarolic areas. Temperatures observed at the hotspots are around 279 K.</p><br>
<h3>Fumarolic activity</h3><br>
<p>Lastarria displays vigorous fumarolic activity on the summit and down the northwestern slopes. Such activity has been observed since the European discovery of Lastarria, in the late 19thcentury. Lastarria is the only volcano in the area with ongoing fumarolic activity. It manifests in fumaroles forming 15 cm high chimneys, small cones reaching heights of 2 m, and 100 by fractures, as well as degassing through cracks and fissures on surfaces. Individual fumaroles have been found in the craters, on the crater edges, and on the slopes. A northwest–southeast striking fracture is associated with some of the fumaroles. Four different fumarole fields have been found, one along this fissure on the northwestern slope at altitudes of about 4950 to 5140 m, two on the rims of the fourth crater, and one in the fifth crater. The fissure field is the largest, covering a surface area of 0.023 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The fumaroles release gases with temperatures ranging from 80 to 408 C. Carbon dioxide is the most important non-hydrous component of the gases; other components are hydrogen in variable amounts, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, and variable amounts of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide. Additional components are alkanes, alkenes, argon, carbon monoxide especially in hotter fumaroles, helium, methane, and oxygen. The composition of the fumaroles indicates that most gases are of magmatic origin with little contribution from the atmosphere. Likewise, most water comes from the magma rather than from precipitation, as indicated by the oxygen isotope ratios. It is likely that the arid climate of the region reduces the input of meteoric water to the volcanic system.</p><br>
<p>Of five volcanoes analyzed in 2012 (Lascar, Lastarria, Ollague, Putana, and San Pedro), Lastarria had the highest flux rates. Individual gas fluxes in tons per day are registered as:</p><br>
<p>The composition of Lastarria&#39;s gases has changed over time, with an increase in the magmatic component between 2009 and 2012, which may be due either to different measurement methods or to changes in the volcanic activity at Lastarria.</p><br>
<p>The gases of Lastarria come from a geothermal system and, with temperatures ranging from 280 to 370 C and 560 to 680 C, supply the colder and hotter fumaroles, respectively. In turn, a magma system at depths of 7 to 15 km underpins and feeds this geothermal system. During their rise, the gases interact with the rocks of the surrounding country and with aquifers.</p><br>
<h3>Ground uplift</h3><br>
<p>InSAR observations performed in the years 1998 to 2000 have yielded evidence of a pattern of ground uplift centered between Lastarria and Cordón del Azufre. This pattern, also known as "Lazufre", covers a surface area of 45 by. This uplift appears to be caused by the injection of magma at depth, with a pattern of progressively increasing flux between 2003 and 2006. The source of this uplift appears to lie at depths of 9 to 17 km, later recalculated at 2 to 14 km. This uplift may have been ongoing for about 400,000 years and has influenced the final position of lava flows of Lastarria and other volcanoes in the area.</p><br>
<p>Ground uplift has been detected at Lastarria itself, amounting to 9 mm/yr. The uplifting region is 6 km wide, smaller than Lazufre. The Lastarria uplift started later than the Lazufre uplift and may be influenced by the latter. Possibly, magma injected into a Lazufre magma chamber is influencing the Lastarria hydrothermal system. Modelling indicates that the source of this uplift lies at a depth of about 1,000 m and has the shape of a sphere. Another estimate places the source inside the volcanic edifice and assumes a size of 230 to 360 m, with the volume increasing by about 8000 to 18000 m3/yr.</p><br>
<h2>Threats</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is in a remote area and thus constitutes little risk to human settlements. The closest populations are at Mina Vaquillas, Mina El Guanaco, and Campamento Pajonales.</p><br>
<p>The Chilean SERNAGEOMIN published a volcano alert rating for Lastarria. It is considered the 45th most dangerous volcano in Chile.</p><br>
<p>The Peerdsbos is a forest and nature domain situated in the Belgian municipalities of Brasschaat and Schoten, to the north of the city of Antwerp. The domain largely consists of forests and directly borders the Vordensteyn domain in Schoten to the southeast, and the Brasschaat municipal park to the northwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Peerdsbos is the oldest known forest domain in the present day province of Antwerp. Historically, the forest formed a part of the Bremdonk domain, which contained acres, meadows and forests used for logging and was donated to the Antwerp Sint-Elisabeth hospital by Isabella of Breda in 1280. During the following centuries the hospital used the rents earned by leasing the property to finance its operations. Until recently, the domain was still property of the Public Centre for Social Welfare.</p><br>
<p>In the course of time, large parts of the original domain were sold and parceled out. Also, Brasschaat mayors Van Havre and Reussens bought parts of the Peerdsbos domain in the 19th century to create the community park of Brasschaat. On July 1, 1936, the city of Antwerp leased the domain for the symbolic price of 1 Belgian franc per year, and for a duration of 99 years. As a counterprestation, the city was obliged to open the domain for the general public as a recreational place. The city became thus responsible for the maintenance and exploitation of the forest and all non sub-leased buildings.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, planning began for the construction of the European route E19 highway connecting Antwerp with Breda and Rotterdam in the Netherlands. In the original trajectory, the highway would be built straight through the middle of the Peerdsbos forest. Later however, alternatives where proposed where the forest was largely avoided. Eventually, it was decided to construct the highway at the southern border of the domain. The final opening took place in 1971.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Flemish minister for the Environment and Nature Hilde Crevits signed, as a representative of the Flemish government, the purchasing act of the domain. The maintenance of the domain is now provided by the Agency for Nature and Forests.</p><br>
<p>Today the Peerdsbos domain consists of about 148 ha of dense forest, with a few open fields in between.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Several facilities can be found in or near the Peerdsbos, such as a sporting centre, an indoor swimming pool a centre of the Antwerp Community Schools, used for school trips and for special education. a minigolf, a playground and a brasserie.</p><br>
<p>Aydıncık Islands  are two small Mediterranean islands in Turkey.</p><br>
<p>They face Aydıncık ilçe (district) center in Mersin Province.Their distance to Aydıncık is about 2 km. The nearest point on the mainland is a rock cape to the east about 600 m away. The length of the bigger island at about 36&deg;08&prime;21&Prime;N latitude, 33&deg;20&prime;55&Prime;E longitude is 250 m and the length of the smaller island at 36&deg;08&prime;27&Prime;N latitude, 33&deg;20&prime;59&Prime;E longitude is 100 m. The distance between the two is 50 m. British admiral Francis Beaufort in his book Caramania points out that no ancient geographer has mentioned these islands</p><br>
<p>The uninhabited islands are known to be the breeding ground of the Audouin&#39;s gull (Larus audouinii).</p><br>
<p>The Boston Block, also known as Aalfs Manufacturing Company, is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The city experienced a building boom that began in the late 1880s and continued into the early 1890s. One of the major players in that building boom was the Boston Investment Company, a company on the East Coast who built four large commercial blocks in Sioux City simultaneously. Construction on the four buildings began in 1890 and they were completed the following year. In addition to the commercial blocks, they also built a steam heating plant that provided steam and light to three of the buildings as well as to neighboring buildings. The Massachusetts Block  on the southwest corner of Fourth and Jackson was six stories tall and had a similar facade as the Boston Block, which is five stories tall on the northeast corner of Fourth and Virginia. The Plymouth Block on the southeast corner of Fourth and Locust was also five stories tall, and the Bay State Block on Fourth Street is the shortest at four stories. Among the building&#39;s tenants was the Aalfs Manufacturing Company, which used the building as its headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The architect of the four buildings is unknown, but John G. Mainland served as supervising architect. The Boston Block is a Richardsonian Romanesque structure that features rusticated stone veneer with a two story iron and glass storefront. The original storefront was extensively altered in 1948, and it was altered again in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The William and Agnes Gilkerson Farm, also known more recently as the Kitchel Hill Farm, is a historic farmstead on Kitchel Hill Road in Barnet, Vermont. Established in the late 18th century by Scottish immigrants, it includes one of the finest known examples of a rubblestone farmhouse in the region. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gilkerson farm property consists of 60 acre of hillside farmland in northern Barnet, on the north side of Kitchel Hill Road. The lower portions of the property are in agriculture, while the upper portions are forested. The farmstead is located in the southern (lower) half of the property, with its access drive near a bend in the road. There are four small clusters of buildings: the main house with an attached barn, a sugar house and toolshed, and two barn complexes. The main house is a 1-1/2 story Cape style structure, sited with a commanding view of the Connecticut River valley and the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It is built out of rubblestone mortared with lime. Its metal roof is pierced by five dormers.</p><br>
<p>William Gilkerson (b. 1774) came to Vermont with his parents as a child in the 1780s; they were among a settlers who came as a group from Stirlingshire in Scotland. Gilkerson in 1802 married Agnes Somers, who had also immigrated from Scotland with her parents and settled in Barnet. It is thought that this house was built by Gilkerson as a suitable home for his bride, a task that probably took three years. The house is one of four in the regions that have clearly Scottish roots; of those, it is the largest and best preserved. Most of the outbuildings are 20th-century additions.</p><br>
<p>The Morrisville Historic District encompasses most of the historic commercial downtown area of the village of Morrisville in Morristown, Vermont. Developed in the early 19th century as a service town for the surrounding agricultural areas, it was transformed into a major service regional commercial center by the arrive of the railroad in 1872. Its surviving architecture is largely reflective of these two time periods. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and enlarged in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The beginnings of the village of Morrisville are in 1798, when John Safford erected a sawmill on the Lamoille River, which marks the northern extent of the village. By the mid-19th century, the village was a service center for farms in the surrounding hills, with shops and tradesmen. Most of these services were arrayed on what is now Lower Main Street, running east-west between High and Portland Streets. Portland Street was laid out in anticipation of the railroad&#39;s arrival, with service begun in 1872. This inaugurated a commercial building boom on that street. The areas to the east of this commercial and industrial area developed as residential neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>When first listed on the National Register in 1983, the district included primarily commercial properties on Lower Main Street and Portland Street, with a few Federal period houses on Main Street. In 2007 it was substantially enlarged, to also include more railroad-related industry and residential areas to the east. The commercial architecture is diverse, with that of the post-railroad boom period primarily in brick Italianate style. The expanded district, in addition to a variety of period housing, includes four historic churches and two historic school buildings. One of the two school buildings, the Peoples Academy, is separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Winooski River Bridge, also known locally as the Checkered House Bridge, is a historic Pennsylvania through truss bridge, carrying USA Route 2  across the Winooski River in Richmond, Vermont. Built in 1929, it is one of only five Pennsylvania trusses in the state, and was the longest bridge built in the state&#39;s bridge-building program that followed massive flooding in 1927. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Winooski River Bridge stands in a somewhat rural area of eastern Richmond, set roughly east-west across the Winooski River just north of the bridges carrying Interstate 89 (I-89). It is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss structure, 368 ft in length and 21 ft wide. Its portals have a clearance of 17 ft, and the bridge stands about 32 ft above the water on concrete abutments. Its trusses have extra reinforcing sub-struts to improve its performance under heavy loads.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1929, as part of a major bridge-building program by the state, following flooding in 1927 that destroyed more than 1,200 bridges. The state sought to use standardized designs for as many of the replacement bridges as possible. This bridge, built by the American Bridge Company, is one of the small number that does not follow a standard design, due to difficulties in fitting the standard design to the site. It is the longest single span of the 1,600 bridges built in the three-year rebuilding program, and is one of just five Pennsylvania truss bridges in the state.</p><br>
<p>T.S. Martin and Company, also known as Karlton&#39;s, Fishgalls & Cameo, is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. It is an L-shaped structure that fronts both Fourth Street and Nebraska Street. It was occupied by one of three locally owned department stores from 1894 to 1919. The buildings on Fourth Street were originally built in 1885. T.S. Martin and Company itself dates from 1880 when Thomas Sanford Martin opened a dry goods store in rented commercial space. He first acquired 515-517 Fourth Street in 1885, which he leased to a clothing store, and his brother Louis opened T.S. Martin and Company Shoes by leasing 519 Fourth Street the same year.</p><br>
<p>Local architect William McLaughlin was hired to renovate 515-17 Fourth and neighboring 519 Fourth Street, and T.S. Martin and Company moved their whole operation in 1894. In 1901 they hired another local architect, Henry Fisher, to design an annex along Nebraska Street. The three-story building completed in 1902 features Beaux-Arts styling that includes a roof-line knee wall, and a cornice with acanthus leaf brackets and decorative swags. Martin&#39;s acquired 521 Fourth Street, a mirror image of 519 Fourth Street, in 1904. In 1911 they hired yet another local architect, William L. Steele, to design a completely new facade to unify 515-517, 519 and 521 Fourth Street. Designed in the Prairie School mode, it features white terra cotta, long decorative bands of terra cotta details of foliage and geometric patterns, and Chicago-style windows.</p><br>
<p>After T.S. Martin and Company moved into a new six-story building across Nebraska Street, no longer extant, in 1919 this facility was divided into multiple storefronts and occupied by a variety of commercial enterprises. The 515-517 portion of the Fourth Street facade was covered with a wood face and its cornice removed, before it was significantly altered to its present appearance. T.S. Martin and Company was bought by The May Department Stores Company of St. Louis in 1948. It was the last locally owned department store at the time. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Alice Lord Goodine House is a historic house at 1304 Scott Highway  in Groton, Vermont. It presently houses the Groton Free Public Library. The building has a complex history, and is tied to the earliest settlement period of the village. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Goodine House is located in the linear village center of Groton, on the north side of Scott Highway near its junction with Powder Spring Road. Scott Highway (US 302) is a major regional east-west route, connecting to Montpelier in the west and Littleton, New Hampshire in the east, and points beyond. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and attached carriage barn on the west side. Its traditional main entrance faces the street, but the current library entrance is located on the long western facade. The street facade has a commercial storefront on the ground floor, with rectangular display windows flanking a now-disused recessed entrance. Above this on the second floor is a hip-roofed porch with turned posts and balustrade in the Victorian style. The library entrance on the side has flanking sidelight windows, and is sheltered by a deep gabled hood, supported by simple angle brackets.</p><br>
<p>The building has a complex building history, originating in the construction of a single-story Cape style building that was attached to what is now known as the J.R. Darling Store, just to the west. It was operated as a tavern in that setting for many years, and also hosted town meetings for a time. In 1877 it was acquired by businessman J.R. Darling. He separated the two buildings, moving the tavern to this site, raising it, and building a new first floor underneath it. At this time it was described as serving as an inn, with the innkeeper living on site. The street-facing commercial storefront is probably an early 20th-century addition. In 1930 it was acquired by Etta M. Wilds Lord, mother of Alice Lord Goodine. The Lords were locally prominent; father Charles was the owner of a local newspaper. The Goodines were also prominent in the life of the community: Alice was a schoolteacher and gave music lessons, while Henry was a barber and operated a local diner. Alice Goodine died in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Moscow Village Historic District encompasses a former 19th-century industrial village in southern Stowe, Vermont. Centered on the Little River at its Moscow Road crossing, the village prospered into the early 20th century as a woodworking center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Stowe was settled beginning in the 1790s, and by the early 19th century, three small villages had arisen on the banks of the Little River. The southernmost of these, originally called Smiths Falls, was by 1839 commonly referred to as "Moscow". The river was dammed at this point in 1822 by Alexander Seaver, and soon a carding mill and sawmill were in operation. Both the dam (rebuilt in concrete in 1918) and the sawmill (now housing a woodworking shop) survive today, as does Seavers 1825 house. The village prospered on a combination of services to the surrounding farms, and the development of woodworking as an industry to capitalize on the area&#39;s rich forests.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered on the river, with Moscow Road spanning it on a 1949 bridge, and two dams across it just downstream. South of the river, it extends along Barnes Hill and Adams Mill Road, roughly paralleling the river west of the bridge. On the north side, it extends westward along Moscow Road (again paralleling the river), and eastward along River Road to its junction with Shaw Hill Road. The district contains a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial properties, generally of wood frame construction and one or two stories in height. The 25 properties in the district also include a general store and a school, the latter now converted to an artist&#39;s studio.</p><br>
